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KATIE'S HAZARD FACTS > Katie's Hazards Facts > Flashcards

Katie's Hazards Facts Flashcards

1
Q

Primary effects of a volcanic hazard

A

Lava flow (shield volcano), pyroclastic cloud (composite volcano), gas and tephra

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2
Q

Secondary effects of a volcanic hazard

A

Lahars, landslides and flooding

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3
Q

Primary or secondary worse and why?

A

Primary- argue that spread to a wider distance, effects more people,
eg. pyroclastic flow is really fast (50mph) and gas is unavoidable, there have been cases in the past where it has blocked the sun’s radiation and lowered global temps Mt Tambora- Huge GLOBAL impact
HOWEVER PRIMARY CAN BE PREDICTED AND MITIGATED AGAINST.
Secondary cannot be predicted so they are more of a risk.

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4
Q

Where do the majority of volcanic hazards occur

A

Pacific Ring of Fire

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5
Q

How do we measure the magnitude of a volcano

A

VEI

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6
Q

What is MAPP

A

Mitigation
Adaptation
Prevention
Preparedness

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7
Q

Prevention/preparedness of a volcano: What can we do?

A

We can’t prevent however we can monitor volcanos and use previous evidence of explosions to mitigate and enforce strategies.
Hazard mapping
Education
Evacuation plan
Training response teams
Strengthening infrastructure so it isn’t as badly affected by lahars
Get people to move away from the area
Or some people just live with it and capitalise on the tourism and fertile soil.

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8
Q

MT ST HELENS FACTS

A

1980
Juan de Fuca and NA plate
Destructive PB
Lateral Blast (primary effect may be worse here)
Was monitored and knew it would erupt but people wouldn’t listen so didn’t evacuate due to fatalism.
180 miles of roads blocked and destroyed
57 deaths
Ash clogged sewage

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9
Q

EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT PRIMARY EFFECTS WORSE: NEVADO DEL RUIZ FACTS

A

Columbia
Lahar (secondary effect) had a greater impact and caused 22,000 deaths

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10
Q

EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT PRIMARY EFFECTS WORSE: LAKE NYOS CAMEROON

A

Toxic gas killed people in their sleep. Killed 1700 people. Eruptions can sometimes be unpredictable even though there is management in place.

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11
Q

EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT SECONDARY EFFECTS WORSE: NYRIGONGO IN THE CONGO FACTS

A

Damage lasted for 10 yrs because it was a LIC no management in place due to lack of resources.

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12
Q

EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT SECONDARY EFFECTS WORSE: ICELAND HAIMAEY FACTS

A

Evidence that management can reduce the physical factor of it. The threat depends upon the management.
They were able to pump salt water onto eruption to cool it down.

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13
Q

Primary effects of an earthquake

A

Ground shaking/splitting or tilting

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14
Q

Secondary effects of an earthquake

A

Tsunami, landslides, liquefaction, flooding, avalanches

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15
Q

What is liquefaction

A

When soil is saturated the vibrations of the earthquake cause it to act like liquid. Soil becomes weaker and more likely to subside when there is heavy weight on it. Causes ground to be liquid.

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16
Q

RING OF FIRE EARTHQUAKE FACT

A

Ring of fire makes up for 90% of all earthquakes.

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17
Q

How is an earthquake measured

A

Richter scale- measures the strength of the waves
MMS Moment magnitude scale

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18
Q

Frequency and regularity of earthquakes

A

More frequent than volcanic eruptions. Everyday at boundaries depends where they are and how deep the earthquake is. No pattern- random.

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19
Q

SANTA BARBARA FREQUENCY OF EARTHQUAKES

A

112 in the last year.

20
Q

Can we predict earthquakes?

A

Very difficult
hazard zone map
monitoring groundwater levels
Fault line monitoring

21
Q

Prevention/preparedness of an earthquake: What can we do?

A

Soil stabilisation (gravel columns in the ground) to prevent liquefaction.
Extensive awareness strategies and education- FEMA programme
Earthquake warning systems
Evacuation plans
Immediate aid
Earthquake proof infrastructure
Tsunami sea walls

22
Q

ASIAN TSUNAMI FACTS

A

2004 Boxing Day
9.1 mag
Shallow 30 km deep
No ocean pressure sensors so no warning system
Hawaii managed to warn Kenya so only one person died but overall 250,000 fatalities over 15 countries
There were increased deaths as there were many tourists there for the Christmas period
Real eye opener for the importance of management

23
Q

WEALTH HAITI EARTHQUAKE FACTS

A

Deprived LIC and had no resources to help itself and no help from other countries
Earthquake 2010 caused 300,000 fatalities
This eg showed the political exogenous factors kept Haiti in poverty and they weren’t given help or aid
2/3 of gov died so no one to organise aid
NGO UN someone brought cholera and brought an outbreak causing more deaths.

24
Q

WEALTH SANTA BARBARA CONTRAST TO HAITI EARTHQUAKE FACTS

A

Santa Barbara HIC were wealthy enough to resilient and to rebuild as thy were economically stable
Politics are stable
responsible for own management of homes and insurance
Evacuation practice every July 4th and they understand the need to manage and mitigate

25
Q

PHYSICAL MEXICO CITY EARTHQUAKE FACTS

A

1985
Liquefaction caused 10,000 fatalities and buildings collapsed and sank
If the country could afford to pay for earthquake proof buildings physical impact wouldn’t be so bad

26
Q

EXTRA SICHUAN CHINA EARTHQUAKE FACTS

A

Location made it really hard to access
Rural mountainous 4.8 million homeless

27
Q

Primary effects of a tropical storm

A

Storm surge, heavy rainfall, heavy wind and speedy winds (74mph)

28
Q

Secondary effects of a tropical storm

A

Flooding, water borne diseases, gas explosions, fires

29
Q

Threat of tropical storms

A

Becoming more of a hazard die to CC and the prolonged periods of El Niño

30
Q

How are earthquakes measured

A

Saffir simpson scale

31
Q

Frequency of tropical storms and regularity

A

Northern hemisphere- June to November
Southern Hemisphere- November to April
Irregular as dependent on conditions.
Some places are aware that it is an annual threat though so will prepare annually.

32
Q

Prevention/preparedness of a tropical storm: What can we do?

A

Can’t really be prevented Satellite tracking National Hurricane Centre in Florida USA
Past storms
Awareness and education
Evacuation plan
Storm warning systems
Search rescue emergency aid
Strengthening homes and infrastructure
Flood defences

33
Q

TYPHOON HAIYAN 2013 FACTS

A

PHILIPPINES LIC
category 5
Government issued a public storm warning signal system but as they were a lic they had no resources to prepare
Economic state stopped them from preparing
No warning of a storm surge
7000 fatalities- estimated bodies found 10,000 as bodies still being found in 2014.
2 million homeless
$3 billion in damage
Affected islands so no where to evacuate as can’t fly via aircraft due to winds
Had for aid to reach so some people were isolated for days
Main income for the area was agriculture and lost source of income

34
Q

HURRICANe KATRINA FACTS

A

2005 New Orleans HIC
Racial discrimination poor people accused of violence and looting they were left behind
George Bush didn’t react in enough time
Mississippi state- evacuation caused traffic of 18000 cars an hour
Did have some management but evacuation buses didn’t come
Drainage system was pumped so recovery was faster
83% flooding contaminated water and disease

35
Q

HURRICANE SANDY

A

2012
People were told the extent of the damage but they ignored it
$10-20billion in damages
Sandy took a unique path nature and route can change
55 lives lost

36
Q

Natural causes of wildfires

A

Lightning, volcanos climate

37
Q

Human causes of wildfires

A

Mostly human eg. in 2013 76% of wildfires in Alberta were caused by humans
Arson, cigarettes, agriculture

38
Q

Conditions needed for wildfires

A

Fuel heat oxygen

39
Q

How to warn people of fires

A

IOD warns people of higher than average fires. USGS mitigation organisation helps to combat hazards

40
Q

AUSTRALIA MARYSVILLE FIRES FACTS

A

2009
Victoria 1983 fires community fireguards education programme was set up
Purpose was to assist people in developing their own means of survival
Identified the most vulnerable buffer zones
18 million hectares of land engulfed in flames New South Wales loss of jobs and security
Reduced biodiversity koalas 8400
Responses of Australian gov was a fire ban to reduce human causes
$3 billion (Australian) to fight outbreak
2000 firefighters employed

41
Q

HAITI LIC MULTI HAZARD HUMAN IMPACTS

A

They experience social demographic impacts much more severely whilst remaining a long term threat due to inability to provide aid and rebuild. $2 dollars a day

History makes it vulnerable 1770 had an earthquake knew they were vulnerable but had no infrastructure to be prepared
Corrupt government said that only 316 died when 300,000 died
Took 30 yrs fro Haiti to be seen as its own country
80% of wealth goes into repaying debts from France.

42
Q

HAITI LIC MULTI HAZARD PHYSICAL IMPACTS

A

Carribean plate and the North American plate (destructive)
Earthquake of 2010 10 km deep 300,000 deaths
Port au Prince: epicentre was 35km away and 1/4 of population live there
Hit at 4:35am and they weren’t prepared
Aftershocks increased the damage
Magnitude 5
60% of hospitals destroyed and lack of medical assistance
2/3 of gov died and there was no one to organise aid
UN already there but most of the workers died too
They brought cholera and caused a cholera outbreak
1.5 mil homeless

43
Q

Why do people still live in Haiti

A

can’t move elsewhere
strong faith- resilience in God to save them
Forced to be resilient due to economic situation

44
Q

MULTI HAZARD CASE STUDY SANTA BARBARA

A

HIC that can afford to be resilient
Wealthy population means that each household is responsible for the insurance of their own home and they are secure by economic stability- fatalism
Ventura fault
112 earthquakes in the past year
Mitigation- 4th of July practice drills which involves large scale evacuation on the waterfront
Offshore buoys to measure the rise and fall of the sea

45
Q

Which of the multi hazard case studies is worse and why

A

Haiti because they don’t have the economic stability tp be able to recover from the damage and this is preventing mitigation and safety precautions being implemented

KATIE'S HAZARD FACTS (1 decks)

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