Katie's Hazards Facts

Question 1

Primary effects of a volcanic hazard

Answer 1

Lava flow (shield volcano), pyroclastic cloud (composite volcano), gas and tephra

Question 2

Secondary effects of a volcanic hazard

Answer 2

Lahars, landslides and flooding

Question 3

Primary or secondary worse and why?

Answer 3

Primary- argue that spread to a wider distance, effects more people,
eg. pyroclastic flow is really fast (50mph) and gas is unavoidable, there have been cases in the past where it has blocked the sun’s radiation and lowered global temps Mt Tambora- Huge GLOBAL impact
HOWEVER PRIMARY CAN BE PREDICTED AND MITIGATED AGAINST.
Secondary cannot be predicted so they are more of a risk.

Question 4

Where do the majority of volcanic hazards occur

Answer 4

Pacific Ring of Fire

Question 5

How do we measure the magnitude of a volcano

Answer 5

VEI

Question 6

What is MAPP

Answer 6

Mitigation
Adaptation
Prevention
Preparedness

Question 7

Prevention/preparedness of a volcano: What can we do?

Answer 7

We can’t prevent however we can monitor volcanos and use previous evidence of explosions to mitigate and enforce strategies.
Hazard mapping
Education
Evacuation plan
Training response teams
Strengthening infrastructure so it isn’t as badly affected by lahars
Get people to move away from the area
Or some people just live with it and capitalise on the tourism and fertile soil.

Question 8

MT ST HELENS FACTS

Answer 8

1980
Juan de Fuca and NA plate
Destructive PB
Lateral Blast (primary effect may be worse here)
Was monitored and knew it would erupt but people wouldn’t listen so didn’t evacuate due to fatalism.
180 miles of roads blocked and destroyed
57 deaths
Ash clogged sewage

Question 9

EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT PRIMARY EFFECTS WORSE: NEVADO DEL RUIZ FACTS

Answer 9

Columbia
Lahar (secondary effect) had a greater impact and caused 22,000 deaths

Question 10

EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT PRIMARY EFFECTS WORSE: LAKE NYOS CAMEROON

Answer 10

Toxic gas killed people in their sleep. Killed 1700 people. Eruptions can sometimes be unpredictable even though there is management in place.

Question 11

EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT SECONDARY EFFECTS WORSE: NYRIGONGO IN THE CONGO FACTS

Answer 11

Damage lasted for 10 yrs because it was a LIC no management in place due to lack of resources.

Question 12

EVIDENCE TO SUPPORT SECONDARY EFFECTS WORSE: ICELAND HAIMAEY FACTS

Answer 12

Evidence that management can reduce the physical factor of it. The threat depends upon the management.
They were able to pump salt water onto eruption to cool it down.

Question 13

Primary effects of an earthquake

Answer 13

Ground shaking/splitting or tilting

Question 14

Secondary effects of an earthquake

Answer 14

Tsunami, landslides, liquefaction, flooding, avalanches

Question 15

What is liquefaction

Answer 15

When soil is saturated the vibrations of the earthquake cause it to act like liquid. Soil becomes weaker and more likely to subside when there is heavy weight on it. Causes ground to be liquid.

Question 16

RING OF FIRE EARTHQUAKE FACT

Answer 16

Ring of fire makes up for 90% of all earthquakes.

Question 17

How is an earthquake measured

Answer 17

Richter scale- measures the strength of the waves
MMS Moment magnitude scale

Question 18

Frequency and regularity of earthquakes

Answer 18

More frequent than volcanic eruptions. Everyday at boundaries depends where they are and how deep the earthquake is. No pattern- random.

Question 19

SANTA BARBARA FREQUENCY OF EARTHQUAKES

Answer 19

112 in the last year.

Question 20

Can we predict earthquakes?

Answer 20

Very difficult
hazard zone map
monitoring groundwater levels
Fault line monitoring

Question 21

Prevention/preparedness of an earthquake: What can we do?

Answer 21

Soil stabilisation (gravel columns in the ground) to prevent liquefaction.
Extensive awareness strategies and education- FEMA programme
Earthquake warning systems
Evacuation plans
Immediate aid
Earthquake proof infrastructure
Tsunami sea walls

Question 22

ASIAN TSUNAMI FACTS

Answer 22

2004 Boxing Day
9.1 mag
Shallow 30 km deep
No ocean pressure sensors so no warning system
Hawaii managed to warn Kenya so only one person died but overall 250,000 fatalities over 15 countries
There were increased deaths as there were many tourists there for the Christmas period
Real eye opener for the importance of management

Question 23

WEALTH HAITI EARTHQUAKE FACTS

Answer 23

Deprived LIC and had no resources to help itself and no help from other countries
Earthquake 2010 caused 300,000 fatalities
This eg showed the political exogenous factors kept Haiti in poverty and they weren’t given help or aid
2/3 of gov died so no one to organise aid
NGO UN someone brought cholera and brought an outbreak causing more deaths.

Question 24

WEALTH SANTA BARBARA CONTRAST TO HAITI EARTHQUAKE FACTS

Answer 24

Santa Barbara HIC were wealthy enough to resilient and to rebuild as thy were economically stable
Politics are stable
responsible for own management of homes and insurance
Evacuation practice every July 4th and they understand the need to manage and mitigate

Question 25

PHYSICAL MEXICO CITY EARTHQUAKE FACTS

Answer 25

1985 Liquefaction caused 10,000 fatalities and buildings collapsed and sank If the country could afford to pay for earthquake proof buildings physical impact wouldn't be so bad

Question 26

EXTRA SICHUAN CHINA EARTHQUAKE FACTS

Answer 26

Location made it really hard to access Rural mountainous 4.8 million homeless

Question 27

Primary effects of a tropical storm

Answer 27

Storm surge, heavy rainfall, heavy wind and speedy winds (74mph)

Question 28

Secondary effects of a tropical storm

Answer 28

Flooding, water borne diseases, gas explosions, fires

Question 29

Threat of tropical storms

Answer 29

Becoming more of a hazard die to CC and the prolonged periods of El Niño

Question 30

How are earthquakes measured

Answer 30

Saffir simpson scale

Question 31

Frequency of tropical storms and regularity

Answer 31

Northern hemisphere- June to November Southern Hemisphere- November to April Irregular as dependent on conditions. Some places are aware that it is an annual threat though so will prepare annually.

Question 32

Prevention/preparedness of a tropical storm: What can we do?

Answer 32

Can't really be prevented Satellite tracking National Hurricane Centre in Florida USA Past storms Awareness and education Evacuation plan Storm warning systems Search rescue emergency aid Strengthening homes and infrastructure Flood defences

Question 33

TYPHOON HAIYAN 2013 FACTS

Answer 33

PHILIPPINES LIC category 5 Government issued a public storm warning signal system but as they were a lic they had no resources to prepare Economic state stopped them from preparing No warning of a storm surge 7000 fatalities- estimated bodies found 10,000 as bodies still being found in 2014. 2 million homeless $3 billion in damage Affected islands so no where to evacuate as can't fly via aircraft due to winds Had for aid to reach so some people were isolated for days Main income for the area was agriculture and lost source of income

Question 34

HURRICANe KATRINA FACTS

Answer 34

2005 New Orleans HIC Racial discrimination poor people accused of violence and looting they were left behind George Bush didn't react in enough time Mississippi state- evacuation caused traffic of 18000 cars an hour Did have some management but evacuation buses didn't come Drainage system was pumped so recovery was faster 83% flooding contaminated water and disease

Question 35

HURRICANE SANDY

Answer 35

2012 People were told the extent of the damage but they ignored it $10-20billion in damages Sandy took a unique path nature and route can change 55 lives lost

Question 36

Natural causes of wildfires

Answer 36

Lightning, volcanos climate

Question 37

Human causes of wildfires

Answer 37

Mostly human eg. in 2013 76% of wildfires in Alberta were caused by humans Arson, cigarettes, agriculture

Question 38

Conditions needed for wildfires

Answer 38

Fuel heat oxygen

Question 39

How to warn people of fires

Answer 39

IOD warns people of higher than average fires. USGS mitigation organisation helps to combat hazards

Question 40

AUSTRALIA MARYSVILLE FIRES FACTS

Answer 40

2009 Victoria 1983 fires community fireguards education programme was set up Purpose was to assist people in developing their own means of survival Identified the most vulnerable buffer zones 18 million hectares of land engulfed in flames New South Wales loss of jobs and security Reduced biodiversity koalas 8400 Responses of Australian gov was a fire ban to reduce human causes $3 billion (Australian) to fight outbreak 2000 firefighters employed

Question 41

HAITI LIC MULTI HAZARD HUMAN IMPACTS

Answer 41

They experience social demographic impacts much more severely whilst remaining a long term threat due to inability to provide aid and rebuild. $2 dollars a day History makes it vulnerable 1770 had an earthquake knew they were vulnerable but had no infrastructure to be prepared Corrupt government said that only 316 died when 300,000 died Took 30 yrs fro Haiti to be seen as its own country 80% of wealth goes into repaying debts from France.

Question 42

HAITI LIC MULTI HAZARD PHYSICAL IMPACTS

Answer 42

Carribean plate and the North American plate (destructive) Earthquake of 2010 10 km deep 300,000 deaths Port au Prince: epicentre was 35km away and 1/4 of population live there Hit at 4:35am and they weren't prepared Aftershocks increased the damage Magnitude 5 60% of hospitals destroyed and lack of medical assistance 2/3 of gov died and there was no one to organise aid UN already there but most of the workers died too They brought cholera and caused a cholera outbreak 1.5 mil homeless

Question 43

Why do people still live in Haiti

Answer 43

can't move elsewhere strong faith- resilience in God to save them Forced to be resilient due to economic situation

Question 44

MULTI HAZARD CASE STUDY SANTA BARBARA

Answer 44

HIC that can afford to be resilient Wealthy population means that each household is responsible for the insurance of their own home and they are secure by economic stability- fatalism Ventura fault 112 earthquakes in the past year Mitigation- 4th of July practice drills which involves large scale evacuation on the waterfront Offshore buoys to measure the rise and fall of the sea

Question 45

Which of the multi hazard case studies is worse and why

Answer 45

Haiti because they don't have the economic stability tp be able to recover from the damage and this is preventing mitigation and safety precautions being implemented