KARCH: CH. 53 - Intro to the Respiratory System Flashcards
_____: a disorder involving recurrent episodes of bronchospasm - leading to narrowed or obstructed airways.
Asthma
_____: the collapsed once-expanded alveoli, d/t outside pressure against the alveoli (ie. pulmonary tumor).
Atelectasis
_____: a chronic condition that occurs over time; Results from chronic bronchitis or recurrent/severe asthma attacks. Leads to loss of protective/defense respiratory mechanisms d/t prolonged irritation or damage.
COPD
_____: a viral infection of the URT (various viruses). It causes the release of histamine & prostaglandins and inflammatory response.
Common cold
_____: a hereditary disease - accumulation of copious amounts of very thick secretions in the lungs, which will eventually cause airway obstruction & lung damage.
Cystic fibrosis
_____: the vocal cords and epiglottis, which closed during swallowing to protect the LRT from foreign particles.
Larynx
_____: lung inflammation caused by a bacterial or viral infection or by aspiration of foreign substances into the LRT.
Pneumonia
_____: the lungs bronchi & alveoli; the area where gas exchange occurs (the respiratory airways).
Lower respiratory tract (LRT)
_____: air in the pleural space exerting high pressure against alveoli, or pleural effusion.
Pneumothorax
_____: a disorder frequently found in premature neonates whose lungs have not had time to mature and lack sufficient surfactant to maintain open Airways to allow for respiration.
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
_____: Inflammation of the nasal cavity, commonly called hay fever; Caused by a reaction to a specific antigen.
Seasonal rhinitis
_____: inflammation of the epithelial lining of the sinus cavities.
Sinusitis
_____: a lipoprotein that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, allowing them to stay open to allow gas exchange.
Surfactant
_____: the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, and trachea – the conducting airways where no gas exchange occurs.
Upper respiratory tract (URT)
The respiratory system has 2 parts:
Upper respiratory tract (URT) - which includes: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea (no gas exchange).
Lower respiratory tract (LRT) - which includes: bronchial tree, and alveoli (gas exchange in alveoli).
What keeps foreign substances from entering the LRT?
Nasal hair Mucus-producing goblet cells Cilia Superficial blood supply of the URT Cough & sneeze reflexes
What cells produce surfactant?
Type 2 cells of the alveoli
What region of the brain controls respiration?
What does respiration depend on?
Medulla (CNS)
It depends on a balance between SNS and PNS and a functioning muscular system.
List the functions of Type II. cells in the alveoli.
Produce surfactant
Metabolic function - Convert angiotensin I. into II.
Degradation of serotonin.
Metabolize various hormones.
_____: a bacterial or viral infection of the pharynx & larynx; causes uncomfortable respiratory symptoms or inflammation along with fever, muscle aches, and malaise.
Pharyngitis & Laryngitis
_____: bacteria, virus, or foreign material infect the inner layer of the bronchi; causing immediate inflammatory reaction at the site of infection; resulting in swelling, increased blood flow, and changes capillary permeability, leading to protein in the area.
May have narrowed airways - esp. serious in ppl w. obstructed or narrowed airflow conditions already.
Acute bronchitis
_____: inflammation of the bronchi that does NOT clear.
Chronic bronchitis
Obstructive disorders include: (3)
COPD
CF
RDS
Functions of the respiratory system: (3)
Brings O2 into the body
Allows gas exchange
Expels CO2 & other waste products
Inflammation of the URT is seen in many disorders, including: (5)
Common cold
Seasonal rhinitis
Sinusitis
Pharyngitis & Laryngitis
Inflammation of the LRT can result in :
Serious disorders that interfere w/ gas exchange, including Bronchitis & Pneumonia.
The nurse emphasizes the need to take sinusitis very seriously because…
If left untreated, microorganisms can travel to brain tissue.
Diffusion of CO2 from tissues into capillary blood occurs when…
The tissue concentration of CO2 is higher than the blood concentration of CO2.
A patient who coughs is experiencing a reflex caused by…
Irritation to receptors in the trachea and conducting airway.
What is most critical for respiration to occur?
Functioning inspiratory muscles
Which of the following would a nurse expect to assess if a patient has inflammation of the upper respiratory tract?
a. Runny nose
b. Laryngitis
c. Sneezing
d. Hypoxia
e. Rales
f. Wheezing
Runny nose
Laryngitis
Sneezing
For gas exchange to occur in the lungs, oxygen must pass through which of the following: (list in order)
- The conducting airways
- The pleural fluid
- The interstitial alveolar wall
- The capillary basement membrane
- The interstitial space
Select all that apply.
The nose performs which of the following functions in the respiratory system.
a. Serves as a passageway for air movement
b. Warms and humidifies the air
c. Cleanses the air using hair fibers
d. Stimulates surfactant release from the alveoli
e. Initiates the cough reflex
f. Initiates the sneeze reflex
- Initiates the sneeze reflex
- Serves as a passageway for air movement
- Warms and humidifies the air
- Cleanses the air using hair fibers
