Kaplan Test #1

Question 1

Define social facilitation

Question 2

Freudian defense mechanisms:
- Projection
- Displacement etc

Question 3

Q6 - Review Ernst Weber

Answer 3

Know for the JND

Question 4

Q10 - Review Stanley Hall

Question 5

Q15 - Theories of emotion
- James-Lange
- Cognitive physiological
- etc.

Question 6

Q17 - Define the Premack Principle

Question 7

Q21 - Conrad’s findings on letters that sound similar to each other in memory

Answer 7

Conrad found that letters that sounded similar were most likely to be confused with one another – this lent support to idea that rehearsal that takes place in ST memory has an acoustic element.

Question 8

Q27 - Review Carl Rogers views on therapy

Answer 8

He believed the goal was to achieve congruence.

Question 9

Q31 - Which of Freud’s ideas is least accepted?

Answer 9

The belief that humans have a death wish (the concept of “thanatos”)

Question 10

Q32 - Review Julian Rotter’s internal/external locus of control

Question 11

Q35 - Review nomothetic vs idiographic

Answer 11

Nomothetic:
Idiographic:

Question 12

Q36 - Review leadership styles researched by Lewin and colleagues

Answer 12

• Autocratic
• Democratic
• Laissez-faire

Question 13

Review Kurt Lewin - key psychology contributions

Question 14

Q38 - Review Personality Disorders list

Question 15

Q39 - Review methods of research
- Correlation coefficient
- Chi-square
- Independent subjects t
- Within subjects t
- Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

Question 16

Q43 - Review Sheldon’s system of somatotypes
- Endomorph
- Mesomorph
- Ectomorph

Question 17

Q46 - Review the autokinetic effect

Question 18

Q46 - Review Sherif’s social psychology study

Question 19

Q48 - Review types of data
- Ordinal
- Nominal

Question 20

Q51 - Review the Yerkes-Dodson law

Question 21

Q51 - Review the Hawthorne effect

Question 22

Q55 - Define Field Theory

Question 23

Q59 - Define the Fundamental Attribution Error

Question 24

Q65 - Review Weber and Fechner’s work

Question 25

Q69 - Review Walter Mischel’s primary views on behavior and personality

Question 26

Q71 - Review Type 1 vs Type II errors in research

Question 27

Q76 - Define the following triggers to behavior
- Consummatory stimulus
- Sign stimulus
- Supernormal stimulus
- Motivating stimulus

Question 28

Q81 - Review types of reliability and validity for tests
- e.g., Content Validity, Face Validity, Construct Validity (Q93)

Question 29

Q88 - Review parametric statistics
- Parameter vs. Statistic

Question 30

Q89 - What measure of central tendency is MOST sensitive to outlying observations?

Answer 30

The Mean

– Note: The mean/average is the least indicative of central tendency when dealing with a skewed distribution

Question 31

Q91 - Review reinforcement schedules
- Which is most difficult to extinguish?

Answer 31

The variable-ratio schedule is the most resistant (“Very Resistant” - VR) to extinction.

It is also the reinforcement schedule connected to addictive gambling behavior.

Question 32

Q105 - Do we recall faces or numbers more easily?

Answer 32

Faces.

Question 33

Q108 - What are the four basic components of language?

Answer 33

Phonology (sound)
Syntax (structure)
Semantics (meaning)
Pragmatics (practical usage)

Question 34

Q124 - What did Kandel’s studies of the sea slug aplysia reveal?

Answer 34

Basic changes in neural pathways occur with changes in learning and memory

Question 35

Q125 - What are feature detectors, and what are current views on feature detectors in auditory and visual systems?

Answer 35

Feature detectors have been clearly demonstrated in both modalities.

Definition:
- any of various hypothetical or actual mechanisms within the human information-processing system that respond selectively to specific distinguishing features.
- For example, the visual system has feature detectors for lines and angles of different orientations as well as for more complex stimuli, such as faces.
- Feature detectors are also thought to play an important role in speech perception, where their function would be to detect those binary features that distinguish one phoneme from another. Also called feature analyzer.

Question 36

Q127 - Define the following:

Hyperphagia
Hypophagia

Agnosia
Apraxia
Aphasia

Answer 36

Hyperphagia and Hypophagia:

• Hyperphagia: excessive eating behavior (lesions on Ventromedial Hypothalamus)
• Hypophagia: decreased food intake (lesions on Lateral Hypothalamus)

Agnosia, Apraxia, and Aphasia:
- Agnosia: inability to recognize sensory information
- Apraxia: inability to execute voluntary movements
- Aphasia: language disorder affecting communication (Broca’s vs Wernicke’s)

Question 37

Q131 - Define Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET) created by Albert Ellis

Answer 37

a type of psychotherapy that aims to help people identify and challenge irrational beliefs and thought patterns that contribute to emotional and behavioral problems.

RET is recognized as one of the major schools of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and its principles and techniques have been incorporated into many other forms of therapy.

Question 38

Q133 - What is another term for Illness Anxiety Disorder?

Answer 38

Hypochondria

Note: “Secondary Gain” refers to perceived advantages afforded to a patient due to an illness - it is a phrase often associated with hypochondria.

Question 39

Q134 - Describe key components of Object Relations Therapy

Answer 39

A therapeutic approach that centers around the analyst or patient as an object

One of the key proponents of the object-relations school was D.W. Winnicott.

Question 40

Q141 - What is the “rebound effect” as relates to sleep?

Answer 40

When an individual deprived of REM sleep compensates by spending more time in REM sleep when possible.

Question 41

Q155 - What are the following psychologist’s known for?

Answer 41

Konrad Lorenz
- The field of ethology
- Birds, imprinting

Karl Von Frisch
- Ethologist associated with study of communication in honeybees

Niko Tinbergen
- Ethologist associated with studying stickleback fish

Question 42

Q179 - Define Equity Theory

Answer 42

Equity theory states that we expect to be rewarded for our good behavior and punished for our poor or negligent behavior.

When that equity does not exist, our emotions respond accordingly.

Question 43

Q199 - What is the primary driver behind Henry Murray’s Thematic Apperception Test?

Answer 43

According to Murray, subjects’ apperceptions of the story would indicate which needs were most important to them.

Question 44

Q191 - Define Social Facilitation

Answer 44

Social facilitation theory refers to the phenomenon where the presence of others enhances an individual’s performance on a task. This effect is typically seen when performing simple or well-rehearsed tasks, but can sometimes have the opposite effect on more complex or novel tasks.

Associate the name Zajonc with social facilitation theory.

Question 45

Q196 - What is a “script” in the context of psychology?

Answer 45

A script refers to a procedural schema - expected way in which a process or event will occur.

e.g., “how people behave at parties” is someone’s “party” script

Question 46

Q198 - Did Walter Mischel agree with Trait Theory of personality?

Answer 46

Mischel was an ardent CRITIC of trait theories of personality. He criticized trait theories because they placed too much emphasis on fixed, dispositional traits that did not vary across situations.

He adopted a more situational understanding of personality, where the environment played an important role.

Question 47

Q203 - What three parenting types did Baumrind posit, and which did she say produces the most socially and academically competent children?

Answer 47

• Authoritative (best outcome)
• Permissive
• Authoritarian