Kaplan Quiz #1 Flashcards
Yerkes-Dodson Law
States that there is a curvilinear relationship between arousal and performance. As arousal increases, performance increases; however, if arousal increases too much performance will decrease.
Clark Hull’s Theory of Motivation
Innate drives determine behavior; theory of reinforcement: a stimulant must reduce drive in order to be a reinforcer, the actual drive reduction is the reinforcement. The association between a stimulus and a response becomes stronger if the stimulus leads to a response that is a reinforcer (SR theory of learning
The Garcia Effect
Named for Dr. John Garcia; Learning taste aversions; people learned aversion to taste and smell when experiencing them and becoming sick afterwards. He discovered that this phenomenon was unique to taste and smell and did not apply to right and sound.
Zajonc’s Theory
Social Facilitation: Suggested that the presence of others affects performance. When people perform simple and familiar tasks in front of others they tend to do better; but when people perform complex and less familiar tasks in front of others they tend to perform worse than when alone.
James-Lange Theory
Proposed by William James and Carl Lange: emotions occur in response to physiological states
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive development in order
- Sensorimotor (0-1): Marks the beginning of object permanence
- Preoperational (2-5): verbal and egocentric thinking
- Concrete Operational (6-11): when conservation takes place
- Formal Operational (12-adulthood): ability to conduct abstract reasoning and systematic problem solving
Vicarious Reinforcement
A component of Albert Bandura’s social learning theory that we learn by observing others in social contexts: Vicarious Reinforcement or vicarious learning suggests that we observe and learn from the consequences of others’ behavior.
John Dewey
Founder of functional psychology and a leader in the progressive education movement in the U.S. that moved away from the authoritarianism classroom and rote memorization.
Pragnanz
A Gestalt Psychology term that refers to perceptual organization being as “good” as possible.
Which neurotransmitter is linker to Alzheimers disease?
Acetylcholine; Alzheimers is linked to a loss in ACTH
Batson’s Electroshock Study
Examined helping behaviors in both high and low empathy scenarios (either identifying with the confederate or not identifying with the confederate) and in easy or difficult escape situations. When participants were given a description of the confederate that they could easily identify with (high empathy) most people chose to stay and help whether or not the opportunity to escape that they were given was easy or difficult.
Sherif’s Autokinetic Efeect Study
Muzafer Sherif studied people’s conformity to the rest of the group when rating the amount of light movement versus rating light movement individually.
Margaret Ainsworth
Created the “strange situation” study to examine relationships between children and their caregivers. Children were put in a room and their reactions observed as the caregiver left the room and/or a stranger entered the room. The results were 3 different attachment types: insecure/avoidant (Type A), securely attached (Type B), insecure resistant (Type C).
John Bowlby
Believed children come into the world biologically preprogrammed to form attachments with others and was majorly influenced by Lorenz’s study of imprinting. His research focused on children that were brought up in institutions and orphanages.
Diana Baumrind
Researched parenting styles and developed a “Pillar Theory” which draws the relationship between child behavior and parenting styles. She identified three parenting styles: Authoritarian (too hard/strict), Permissive (too soft/lenient), and Authoritative (just right).
