Kaplan Lesson 1 Flashcards
What determines the usefulness of a site
Adequate roads and utilities to serve it.
Circulation access includes…
pedetrian, vehicular, and public transit
Utility services include…
water, sewer, gas, electricity, and communication systems.
What system is the primary structuring element to land use planning
vehicular circulation systems
4 types of circulation networks are…
grid, radial, linear, curvilinear.
Grid system
equally spaced streets or roads that are perpendicular to each other.
Benefits of grid system
regularity, simplicity, convenience, simplifies subdivision of land, allows for a sense of orientations.
Radial System
Directs flow to or from a common center with straight channels of circulation radiating from a center point to alleviate congestion, center is expanded in linear direction, or a series of by-passes is used to avoid the center.
Linear System
Connects flow between 2 points, either along a single line or along a series of parallel lines. Activities are positioned on loops or branches on both sides. risk of congestion, and no main focal points. Useful for restricted topography, or strip commercial developments
Curvilinear System
responds to topography of land and aligns with natural contours. desirable at small scale.
PUD
planned unit developments
Basic categories of traffic arteries are….
- Freeways / expressways / motorways 2. highways / arterial streets 3. collector-distributor streets 4. local access streets
Freeways
AKA expressways / motorways designed to allow movement of large volumes of traffic between, around, or through urban center. vehicles travel at high speed, with limited access and egress. over/underpasses for crossing of traffic
Highways
AKA Arterial Streets Continuous vehicular channels that connect with expressways by means of on-off ramps at carefully determined locations. Parking not normally allowed Restricted access to adjacent commercial property Access to residential streets Traffic signals control car and pedestrian traffic. MPH = 35
Collector-Distributor Streets
transition bt arterial and local access streets of neighborhoods. Frequently discontinuous to reduce vehicle speeds restricted curbside parking traffic or stop signs pedestrian side/crosswalks
Elements of a cross section of a street
pavement, curbs, gutters, shoulders, walks, landscaped border strips, lighting signs, traffic signals, and utilities.
Materials, in order of preference, used for street pacing
concrete, asphaltic concrete, gravel, decomposed granite, stabilized soil, and graded/compacted earth
Width of typical major roads? Width of two lane highway?
roads : 11-12ft
2 lane HW 40-42ft (9ft shoulder, 12ft lane, 12 ft lane, 9ft shoulder)
Width of landscaping strip to separate road and sidewalk: with trees, utilities, plantings, and without.
7 ft with utilities and/or landcaping
4 ft with ground cover only
Types of cuves for horizontal road alignment :
Simple, Reverse, Compound, Broken Back
Intersections to be avoided and why
Acute angle intersection (where the angle bt the intersection streets is less than 80-85 deg.)
** hard to negotiate, and limits driver visability.
Slightly offset intersections
** hard for cross traffice to perceive intersection, and movement of traffic along the road being crossed is impeded.
Minimum spacing of intersections on an arterial road
At least 800ft
Typical spacing of on/off ramps
1/2 to 1 mile apart
Length of cul-de-sac should not exceed __ feet
400
minimum diameter for cul-de-sac
80 ft and free of parking
Maximum depth of loop streets
700 feet
Maximum length of a block
1600 ft
Curb radii at minor street intersections should be at __ feet min.and __ feet at major streets
12 ft
50 ft
Types of road control devices
stop signs, traffic signs, turning lanes, islands, medians, and grade separations
How may cars/hours before a traffic signal is employed?
750
how many vehicles / hour before a grade separation is required
3000 vehicles/hour. most expensive and space consuming type of intersection.
Cloverleaf
most common grade-separated intersection; based on a series of right turns
Direct left-turn interchange
used where two expressways intersect. More complex and expensive than cloverlead, but allows more lanes to operate at high speed in all changes of direction.
Diamond intersection
used where expressways intersect secondary roads. economical and relatively use little space. critical design criteria include ramp grades, urning radii and lengths of the accerleration and deceleration lanes.
up ramp slope 3-6%
down slope 8%
At what volume of vehicles do you need to have a circulation system to a parking lot?
When parking lots exceed 400-500 cars
Cartridge roads :
on-site circulation system commonly used for commercial spaces. an on-site distributor-collector drive with carefullylocated access points to the local road system.
What dimensions to consider when designing parking
vehicle length (bumper to bumper), width, and front and rear overhang length. turning radii for both inside and outside front and rear bumers. sizes between compact, subcompact, regular sizes vehicles.
Minimum width and length of a parking stall
8’-4”, and 18’-0”
in estimating total area needs, it is adviable to allow ___ sf of parking area per vehicle
400
What is the maximum slope allowed for a vehicular ramp?
15% For slopes greater than 10%, an 8’ minumum transition is required on each end of the ramp.
A ramped driveway exit rising up to a public sidewalk must have a transition section before interecting the side walk. What is the slope of this and why is it needed?
can be no more than 5%; to prevent the hood of the car from obscuring the driver’s view of pedestrians on the walk.
Parking areas should be sloped to provide drainage. What is the range of this slope?
1 - 5%
How many SF per person is required to move around in a crowd comfortably?
13 SF
minimum of side walk width
5’
what is a collector walkway
a side walk that handles a larger number of people. this should be no less than 6 - 10 feet in width
The primary objectives of good pedestrian circulation designation are :
safety - grade separated walkways above or below traffic
security - clear site lines and well lit apthways
convenience - strategic location of walkways in relation to destinations
continuity,
comfort, and
attractiveness - landscaping, pavers, weather protection,
strategies to provide safe and secure pedestrian circulation
Pedestrian and vehicular traffic separation by grade separated walkways, above or below streets.
What 2 programs were responsible for the creation of the post war american suburb, shopping center, and industrial park?
Low-interest mortgage financing program, and the interstate highway system.
No collecive transit system can be operated economically below and average pupulation density of approximately __ persons per acre
30
___ is the most basic form of urban transportation, especially in high denisty hours. Speed varies from __ mph The max distance that most will travel to a destination in the manner is__
Walking
2.5 mph - 4.5 mph
.25 - .5 mile
The __ is useful for trips in medium density areas. Travel from __ mph. People are willing to spend how on long traveling this way
local bus
15 - 30 mph
up to a half hour
The __ is usefrul between medium density areas, within high density areas, and specially planned and convenient terminals in high density areas. Travel __ mph
express bus
40 - 60 mph
__ is useful bt medium density areas, bt high density area, and for short trips w/in high denisty areas. requires concentrations of people in time or in place to be effective. Travels at __ mph
Rail rapid transit
40 - 70 mph
What are the limitations of monorails, or lightrail systems?
being located only above ground - not possible in all city areas. A truly useful rail rapid transit system should be capable of being located above, below, or at ground level and is fully adaptable
TOD
Transity Oriented Design
What would a theoretical collective transity system consist of, as it is not available today
walking, buses of various speeds, rail rapid transit at the surface, underground, and elevated, commuter rail, and high speed rails.
Non-ambulatory disabilities
confines a person to a wheel chair
semi- ambulatory disabilities
cause persons to walk with insecurity or difficulty and may necessitate the use of crutches, walkers, or braces
coordination disabilities
manifested by impairments of muscle control to the limbs.
hearing disabilities
affect hearing ability totally or partially, to the extent that an individual functioning in public areas is insecure or prone to injury due to anability to communicate or hear warning signals.
minimum width required for two wheelchairs to pass is
60”
maximum gradient (slope), and maximum cross gradient
1: 20 (5%)
1: 50 (2%)
curb cutouts should be identified by a…
1/16” yellow abrasive anti-slip epoxy finish applied to the entire area of the curb cutout, or by abraisive strips 1/16” thick and 2-3” wide
should be applied in 3” intervals
ramps should be employed wherever a verical drop is greater than __” Gradient should not exceed __ and should preferrably be __
1/2”
1/12
1/16
ramps should be at least __’ wide and should not exceed __’
3’
30’
handrails should be applied on ramps if the rise is greater than __” or if the run is greater than __” and should have a __ installed on the side hwere a ramp is above finish grade
6”
72”
protective curb
Number of handicapped spaces per capacity of lot
LOT = 7-50
51-100
101-150
over 150
LOT = X amount of HC spaces
7-50 - 2 min
51-100 - 3 min
101-150 - 5 min
over 150 - 5 plus 2 min for every additional 100
What is “infill” development, and its advantages?
Development that fills in between existing buildings.
- possible lower first cost bc it is reusing existing infrastructure rather than creating new systems
- less environmental impact - doesnt disturb an existing natural space
- creates a higher density development that more effciently uses the intrastructure and supports public transit, parks, and commercial districts.
list underground, beneath the street utilities. who is responsible for planning these
wastewater lines, water mains, gas mains, electric power conduits, cable tv lines, steam lines
local government - has juristidiction over streets
5 principles for developing undergroun utility plans
- wastewater lines, bc of gravity flow requirements, should have first priority
- trunk (main) lines should not be located in major traffic arteries.
- Trunk lines for several utilities should not be located in the same street
- center of the street should be reserved for waste water lines, unless street is wide enough to accommodate a dual waste water system
- all utility installations required for the next 5 years should be installed before a street is paved. includes the service lines to the curb or prop. line.
Water supply system consists of componets that procure, treat and distribute water to users. it includes 5 principle features
- sources, ie lakes, rivers, streams, wells, which tap underground water
- transmission mains, including aqueducts, canals, and pipelines, which transmit raw water to treatment plants or to the distribution systems of untreated water
- water treatment plants
- distribution systems,
- metered connections bt dist. system and user properties.
water main sizes, most often determined by fire protection requirements are …
6” in residential and 8” in high density districts.
Where are water meters and shut-off valves usually located?
at the user’s property line.
Main line valves are located so that no single break will affect more than __ feet
500
how close are fire hydrants spaced in high density districts, and suburban districts
150’ for HD
600; fro Suburbs
public water supply is not usually justified in areas where the population density is less than __ persons per sq. mile
1000
Grades required to transport waste solids range from what percentages; what happens when topographic conditions need to be overcome?
.5 - 2% ;
drop manholes, or pump lift stations are located topo conditions require.
“Force Main”
When waste is pumped over extensive horizontal distances
What type of circulation system responds most sympatheically to the existing natural environment
a. grid
b. linear
c. curvilinear
d radial
c. curvilinear
To move large volumes of traffice at high speed, the most efffective type of circulation system is :
a. highways
b. expressways.
c. arterials.
d. distributors
b. expressways
Land use development patterns are most frequently determined by
a. topographic factors
b. climatic factors
c. utility systems
d. street systems
d. street systems
The primary advantage of 60 degree parking is that it is
a. saves space
b. is easier to use
c. is safter to use
d. it costs less to construct
b. it is easier to use.
60 degree parking is not as efficient, safe, or cost effective as 90 degree paring; however, it is easier for a driver to use than 90 degree parking
A neighborhood shopping center is best located at
a. the interestion of an arterial and collector street
b. the intersection at two local streets
c. the foot of an expressway ramp
d. the interchange of an expressway
a. the intersection of an arterial and collector street.
all other choices would create songestion or safety hazards.
From among the following street design criteria, select those that are correct.
I. curb radii should be 12’ min
II. Compound curves are preferred over simple curves
III. Traffic lanes should be about 12’ wide
IV Parking lanes should generally be avoided
V Interestions should be at right angles where possible.
A. I and IV
B. I, III, V
C. II III IV
D. I III IV V
B.
Compound curves should generally be avoided, and parking lanes should be included where feasible bc of their convenience.
Power lines are generally located above rather than below ground bc they are
a. easier to repair
b. faster to install
c. less costly
d. less dangerous
C.
Power lines below ground are better than above ground lines in almost every way, except cost.
from among the following handicapped design criteria, select the INCORRECT statement :
a. wheelchair paths should not exceed a 1:20 grade.
b. wheelchair ramps should not exceed a 1:12 grade
c. wheelchair ramps should not exceed 30’ in length
d. wheelchair turning spaces should not be less than 3 sq. feet
d. The minimum is 5’-0”
Which of the following should be avoided when designing a large parking lot?
I Acute parking angles
II Ramped exit driveway
III Dead level paved areas
VI Dead end aisles
V Pedestrian Circulation
A. III, IV
B III, V
C. I, II, IV
D. II, III, IV
A.
Level paved areas cause ponding of water and dead end aisles create unnecessary traffic congestion.
The primary objective of good pedestrian circulation is
A. economy
B. Permanence
C. Safety
D. Speed
C. Safety
