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AREndurance Notes - Site Planning and Design > Kaplan Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Kaplan Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What determines the usefulness of a site

A

Adequate roads and utilities to serve it.

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2
Q

Circulation access includes…

A

pedetrian, vehicular, and public transit

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3
Q

Utility services include…

A

water, sewer, gas, electricity, and communication systems.

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4
Q

What system is the primary structuring element to land use planning

A

vehicular circulation systems

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5
Q

4 types of circulation networks are…

A

grid, radial, linear, curvilinear.

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6
Q

Grid system

A

equally spaced streets or roads that are perpendicular to each other.

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7
Q

Benefits of grid system

A

regularity, simplicity, convenience, simplifies subdivision of land, allows for a sense of orientations.

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8
Q

Radial System

A

Directs flow to or from a common center with straight channels of circulation radiating from a center point to alleviate congestion, center is expanded in linear direction, or a series of by-passes is used to avoid the center.

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9
Q

Linear System

A

Connects flow between 2 points, either along a single line or along a series of parallel lines. Activities are positioned on loops or branches on both sides. risk of congestion, and no main focal points. Useful for restricted topography, or strip commercial developments

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10
Q

Curvilinear System

A

responds to topography of land and aligns with natural contours. desirable at small scale.

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11
Q

PUD

A

planned unit developments

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12
Q

Basic categories of traffic arteries are….

A
  1. Freeways / expressways / motorways 2. highways / arterial streets 3. collector-distributor streets 4. local access streets
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13
Q

Freeways

A

AKA expressways / motorways designed to allow movement of large volumes of traffic between, around, or through urban center. vehicles travel at high speed, with limited access and egress. over/underpasses for crossing of traffic

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14
Q

Highways

A

AKA Arterial Streets Continuous vehicular channels that connect with expressways by means of on-off ramps at carefully determined locations. Parking not normally allowed Restricted access to adjacent commercial property Access to residential streets Traffic signals control car and pedestrian traffic. MPH = 35

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15
Q

Collector-Distributor Streets

A

transition bt arterial and local access streets of neighborhoods. Frequently discontinuous to reduce vehicle speeds restricted curbside parking traffic or stop signs pedestrian side/crosswalks

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16
Q

Elements of a cross section of a street

A

pavement, curbs, gutters, shoulders, walks, landscaped border strips, lighting signs, traffic signals, and utilities.

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17
Q

Materials, in order of preference, used for street pacing

A

concrete, asphaltic concrete, gravel, decomposed granite, stabilized soil, and graded/compacted earth

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18
Q

Width of typical major roads? Width of two lane highway?

A

roads : 11-12ft

2 lane HW 40-42ft (9ft shoulder, 12ft lane, 12 ft lane, 9ft shoulder)

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19
Q

Width of landscaping strip to separate road and sidewalk: with trees, utilities, plantings, and without.

A

7 ft with utilities and/or landcaping

4 ft with ground cover only

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20
Q

Types of cuves for horizontal road alignment :

A

Simple, Reverse, Compound, Broken Back

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21
Q

Intersections to be avoided and why

A

Acute angle intersection (where the angle bt the intersection streets is less than 80-85 deg.)

** hard to negotiate, and limits driver visability.

Slightly offset intersections

** hard for cross traffice to perceive intersection, and movement of traffic along the road being crossed is impeded.

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22
Q

Minimum spacing of intersections on an arterial road

A

At least 800ft

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23
Q

Typical spacing of on/off ramps

A

1/2 to 1 mile apart

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24
Q

Length of cul-de-sac should not exceed __ feet

A

400

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25
Q

minimum diameter for cul-de-sac

A

80 ft and free of parking

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26
Q

Maximum depth of loop streets

A

700 feet

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27
Q

Maximum length of a block

A

1600 ft

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28
Q

Curb radii at minor street intersections should be at __ feet min.and __ feet at major streets

A

12 ft

50 ft

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29
Q

Types of road control devices

A

stop signs, traffic signs, turning lanes, islands, medians, and grade separations

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30
Q

How may cars/hours before a traffic signal is employed?

A

750

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31
Q

how many vehicles / hour before a grade separation is required

A

3000 vehicles/hour. most expensive and space consuming type of intersection.

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32
Q

Cloverleaf

A

most common grade-separated intersection; based on a series of right turns

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33
Q

Direct left-turn interchange

A

used where two expressways intersect. More complex and expensive than cloverlead, but allows more lanes to operate at high speed in all changes of direction.

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34
Q

Diamond intersection

A

used where expressways intersect secondary roads. economical and relatively use little space. critical design criteria include ramp grades, urning radii and lengths of the accerleration and deceleration lanes.

up ramp slope 3-6%

down slope 8%

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35
Q

At what volume of vehicles do you need to have a circulation system to a parking lot?

A

When parking lots exceed 400-500 cars

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36
Q

Cartridge roads :

A

on-site circulation system commonly used for commercial spaces. an on-site distributor-collector drive with carefullylocated access points to the local road system.

37
Q

What dimensions to consider when designing parking

A

vehicle length (bumper to bumper), width, and front and rear overhang length. turning radii for both inside and outside front and rear bumers. sizes between compact, subcompact, regular sizes vehicles.

38
Q

Minimum width and length of a parking stall

A

8’-4”, and 18’-0”

39
Q

in estimating total area needs, it is adviable to allow ___ sf of parking area per vehicle

A

400

40
Q

What is the maximum slope allowed for a vehicular ramp?

A

15% For slopes greater than 10%, an 8’ minumum transition is required on each end of the ramp.

41
Q

A ramped driveway exit rising up to a public sidewalk must have a transition section before interecting the side walk. What is the slope of this and why is it needed?

A

can be no more than 5%; to prevent the hood of the car from obscuring the driver’s view of pedestrians on the walk.

42
Q

Parking areas should be sloped to provide drainage. What is the range of this slope?

A

1 - 5%

43
Q

How many SF per person is required to move around in a crowd comfortably?

A

13 SF

44
Q

minimum of side walk width

A

5’

45
Q

what is a collector walkway

A

a side walk that handles a larger number of people. this should be no less than 6 - 10 feet in width

46
Q

The primary objectives of good pedestrian circulation designation are :

A

safety - grade separated walkways above or below traffic

security - clear site lines and well lit apthways

convenience - strategic location of walkways in relation to destinations

continuity,

comfort, and

attractiveness - landscaping, pavers, weather protection,

47
Q

strategies to provide safe and secure pedestrian circulation

A

Pedestrian and vehicular traffic separation by grade separated walkways, above or below streets.

48
Q

What 2 programs were responsible for the creation of the post war american suburb, shopping center, and industrial park?

A

Low-interest mortgage financing program, and the interstate highway system.

49
Q

No collecive transit system can be operated economically below and average pupulation density of approximately __ persons per acre

A

30

50
Q

___ is the most basic form of urban transportation, especially in high denisty hours. Speed varies from __ mph The max distance that most will travel to a destination in the manner is__

A

Walking

2.5 mph - 4.5 mph

.25 - .5 mile

51
Q

The __ is useful for trips in medium density areas. Travel from __ mph. People are willing to spend how on long traveling this way

A

local bus

15 - 30 mph

up to a half hour

52
Q

The __ is usefrul between medium density areas, within high density areas, and specially planned and convenient terminals in high density areas. Travel __ mph

A

express bus

40 - 60 mph

53
Q

__ is useful bt medium density areas, bt high density area, and for short trips w/in high denisty areas. requires concentrations of people in time or in place to be effective. Travels at __ mph

A

Rail rapid transit

40 - 70 mph

54
Q

What are the limitations of monorails, or lightrail systems?

A

being located only above ground - not possible in all city areas. A truly useful rail rapid transit system should be capable of being located above, below, or at ground level and is fully adaptable

55
Q

TOD

A

Transity Oriented Design

56
Q

What would a theoretical collective transity system consist of, as it is not available today

A

walking, buses of various speeds, rail rapid transit at the surface, underground, and elevated, commuter rail, and high speed rails.

57
Q

Non-ambulatory disabilities

A

confines a person to a wheel chair

58
Q

semi- ambulatory disabilities

A

cause persons to walk with insecurity or difficulty and may necessitate the use of crutches, walkers, or braces

59
Q

coordination disabilities

A

manifested by impairments of muscle control to the limbs.

60
Q

hearing disabilities

A

affect hearing ability totally or partially, to the extent that an individual functioning in public areas is insecure or prone to injury due to anability to communicate or hear warning signals.

61
Q

minimum width required for two wheelchairs to pass is

A

60”

62
Q

maximum gradient (slope), and maximum cross gradient

A

1: 20 (5%)
1: 50 (2%)

63
Q

curb cutouts should be identified by a…

A

1/16” yellow abrasive anti-slip epoxy finish applied to the entire area of the curb cutout, or by abraisive strips 1/16” thick and 2-3” wide

should be applied in 3” intervals

64
Q

ramps should be employed wherever a verical drop is greater than __” Gradient should not exceed __ and should preferrably be __

A

1/2”

1/12

1/16

65
Q

ramps should be at least __’ wide and should not exceed __’

A

3’

30’

66
Q

handrails should be applied on ramps if the rise is greater than __” or if the run is greater than __” and should have a __ installed on the side hwere a ramp is above finish grade

A

6”

72”

protective curb

67
Q

Number of handicapped spaces per capacity of lot

LOT = 7-50

51-100

101-150

over 150

A

LOT = X amount of HC spaces

7-50 - 2 min

51-100 - 3 min

101-150 - 5 min

over 150 - 5 plus 2 min for every additional 100

68
Q

What is “infill” development, and its advantages?

A

Development that fills in between existing buildings.

  • possible lower first cost bc it is reusing existing infrastructure rather than creating new systems
  • less environmental impact - doesnt disturb an existing natural space
  • creates a higher density development that more effciently uses the intrastructure and supports public transit, parks, and commercial districts.
69
Q

list underground, beneath the street utilities. who is responsible for planning these

A

wastewater lines, water mains, gas mains, electric power conduits, cable tv lines, steam lines

local government - has juristidiction over streets

70
Q

5 principles for developing undergroun utility plans

A
  1. wastewater lines, bc of gravity flow requirements, should have first priority
  2. trunk (main) lines should not be located in major traffic arteries.
  3. Trunk lines for several utilities should not be located in the same street
  4. center of the street should be reserved for waste water lines, unless street is wide enough to accommodate a dual waste water system
  5. all utility installations required for the next 5 years should be installed before a street is paved. includes the service lines to the curb or prop. line.
71
Q

Water supply system consists of componets that procure, treat and distribute water to users. it includes 5 principle features

A
  1. sources, ie lakes, rivers, streams, wells, which tap underground water
  2. transmission mains, including aqueducts, canals, and pipelines, which transmit raw water to treatment plants or to the distribution systems of untreated water
  3. water treatment plants
  4. distribution systems,
  5. metered connections bt dist. system and user properties.
72
Q

water main sizes, most often determined by fire protection requirements are …

A

6” in residential and 8” in high density districts.

73
Q

Where are water meters and shut-off valves usually located?

A

at the user’s property line.

74
Q

Main line valves are located so that no single break will affect more than __ feet

A

500

75
Q

how close are fire hydrants spaced in high density districts, and suburban districts

A

150’ for HD

600; fro Suburbs

76
Q

public water supply is not usually justified in areas where the population density is less than __ persons per sq. mile

A

1000

77
Q

Grades required to transport waste solids range from what percentages; what happens when topographic conditions need to be overcome?

A

.5 - 2% ;

drop manholes, or pump lift stations are located topo conditions require.

78
Q

“Force Main”

A

When waste is pumped over extensive horizontal distances

79
Q

What type of circulation system responds most sympatheically to the existing natural environment

a. grid
b. linear
c. curvilinear

d radial

A

c. curvilinear

80
Q

To move large volumes of traffice at high speed, the most efffective type of circulation system is :

a. highways
b. expressways.
c. arterials.
d. distributors

A

b. expressways

81
Q

Land use development patterns are most frequently determined by

a. topographic factors
b. climatic factors
c. utility systems
d. street systems

A

d. street systems

82
Q

The primary advantage of 60 degree parking is that it is

a. saves space
b. is easier to use
c. is safter to use
d. it costs less to construct

A

b. it is easier to use.

60 degree parking is not as efficient, safe, or cost effective as 90 degree paring; however, it is easier for a driver to use than 90 degree parking

83
Q

A neighborhood shopping center is best located at

a. the interestion of an arterial and collector street
b. the intersection at two local streets
c. the foot of an expressway ramp
d. the interchange of an expressway

A

a. the intersection of an arterial and collector street.

all other choices would create songestion or safety hazards.

84
Q

From among the following street design criteria, select those that are correct.

I. curb radii should be 12’ min

II. Compound curves are preferred over simple curves

III. Traffic lanes should be about 12’ wide

IV Parking lanes should generally be avoided

V Interestions should be at right angles where possible.

A. I and IV

B. I, III, V

C. II III IV

D. I III IV V

A

B.

Compound curves should generally be avoided, and parking lanes should be included where feasible bc of their convenience.

85
Q

Power lines are generally located above rather than below ground bc they are

a. easier to repair
b. faster to install
c. less costly
d. less dangerous

A

C.

Power lines below ground are better than above ground lines in almost every way, except cost.

86
Q

from among the following handicapped design criteria, select the INCORRECT statement :

a. wheelchair paths should not exceed a 1:20 grade.
b. wheelchair ramps should not exceed a 1:12 grade
c. wheelchair ramps should not exceed 30’ in length
d. wheelchair turning spaces should not be less than 3 sq. feet

A

d. The minimum is 5’-0”

87
Q

Which of the following should be avoided when designing a large parking lot?

I Acute parking angles

II Ramped exit driveway

III Dead level paved areas

VI Dead end aisles

V Pedestrian Circulation

A. III, IV

B III, V

C. I, II, IV

D. II, III, IV

A

A.

Level paved areas cause ponding of water and dead end aisles create unnecessary traffic congestion.

88
Q

The primary objective of good pedestrian circulation is

A. economy

B. Permanence

C. Safety

D. Speed

A

C. Safety

AREndurance Notes - Site Planning and Design (2 decks)

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