Kantian

Question 1

what is Kantian theory?

Answer 1

• an action can only be moral if it is motivated by a sense of duty
• Primacy of duty over consequences

Question 2

what is moral law?

Answer 2

-conduct derived from an ‘objective’ right and wrong.
For Kant the moral law is self-given through our rationality – our reason to be moral is that we obligate ourselves to the moral law naturally

• known through human rationality
  moral action is acting out of respect for the - moral law (we are self-governing)
• Right actions have moral value only if they are done from a ‘good will’ – the will to do you duty for duty’s sake.

Question 3

what is kantian “good will”

Answer 3

Immanuel Kant, “Groundwork on the Metaphysics of Morals”
The Good Will
“It is impossible to think of anything at all in the world, or indeed even beyond it, that could be considered good without limitation except a good will.”
-Character traits can be utilized for good or evil; Wealth, possessions, success (i.e. happiness) can lead to arrogance
-Intrinsic and unconditional (universal) value
“A good will is good not because of what it effects or accomplishes – because of its fitness for attaining some proposed end: it is good through its willing alone – that is, good in itself

Question 4

what is Duty according to Kantian?

Answer 4

-intentions matter
-Actions possess moral worth only if done:
From a motive of doing your (moral) duty;
Out of a respect for the moral law
- Intention/motivation must be respect for the moral law – doing your duty

Question 5

Hypothetical imperative vs Categorical imperative

Answer 5

hypothetical: command that tells us what we should do if we have certain desires.

Categorical: command that we should do something in all situations regardless of our wants and needs.

Question 6

What is maxim?

Answer 6

A maxim is a general principle or rule upon which we act.

Question 7

means end principle

Answer 7

People have intrinsic worth (equally!) and should never be treated merely (only) as tools to be used for further purposes.

Means – still respect their autonomy as a person, they retain the ability to choose based on complete information
Mere means – treat the person as an object for your personal gain

Question 8

two categories of moral duties?

Answer 8

Perfect duties: absolutely must be followed without fail – no exceptions!
Eg. keep promises, lies, death by suicide

Imperfect duties: not always to be followed; they do have exceptions
Eg. develop your talents, help others in need

Question 9

strengths of Kantianism

Answer 9

-Nature of action
-Morality as rules, Duties
-Clear decision process, Good guidance

Question 10

weaknesses of Kantianism

Answer 10

-Absolute nature of perfect duties
-Conflicting duties
-Worries about intention
-Manipulation of Categorical Imperative
-Animals and marginal persons