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GEC 107- ETHICS (PPT) > Kant's MORAL THEORY > Flashcards

Kant's MORAL THEORY Flashcards

1
Q

In Kant’s view, the __ of an action should not be determined by its __

A

morality;
outcome

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2
Q

Human persons do not have __ __ over the outcomes of their ___.

A

full control
actions.

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3
Q

If the morality of an action is to be based on its __ outcome, then morality becomes ___

A

intended;
conditional

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4
Q

The Kantian ethics is in opposition to the ___ __ _ ___ who conditioned the morality of their actions on its end or outcome.

A

moral theories of consequentialists

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5
Q

who conditioned the morality of their actions on its end or outcome.

A

Moral theories of consequentialists

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6
Q

Moral theories of consequentialists who conditioned the morality of their actions on its __ or ___

A

end or outcome.

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7
Q

Kant’s morality is governed by ___ ___, grounded in something that is unconditionally good, that is, good without ____.

A

practical reason;
qualification

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8
Q

does not merely refer to anything that the human person can think of as good.

A

Good

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9
Q

Good does not merely refer to anything that the __ ___ can think of as good

A

human person

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10
Q

There are many things that may appear good, but are not truly ___ __.

A

intrinsically good

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11
Q

Examples that may appear as good, but are not truly intrinsically good

A

Intelligence, wit, judgement, courage, persevance

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12
Q

Even ____ for Kant is not good at all if that happiness is not ___. Give examples:

A

intrinsically good
deserved

Example:
Infidelity, cheating

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13
Q

Kant point is that, if something is good without ___, that something is not merely good as ___ to an end and __ in another.

A

qualification
means
bad

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14
Q

Kant says: Kant, Fundamental Principles of Metaphysics of Morals

A

” Nothing can possibly be conceived in the world, or even out of it, which can be called good without qualification except a good will. “

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15
Q

” Nothing can possibly be conceived in the world, or even out of it, which can be called __ without qualification except a __ __

A

Good
Good will

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16
Q

The only thing that is unconditionally good is a ___ __

A

Good will

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17
Q

The moral worth then of an action is determined only by the __or the __ that is behind that __

A

motive
will
action.

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18
Q

All those __ that people think of as good become extremely __ if the __ to make use of them is bad

A

actions
worse
will

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19
Q

When can the human person claim that he/she definitely possesses a good will?

A

when the sole impetus of the human persons is that of moral obligation or moral duty

20
Q

Motive behind moral act

A

Duty

21
Q

The moral worth of an action is possible only when the human person acts for the sake of __, and not just because of the potential good results he/she may get out of her actions.

A

duty

22
Q

Kantian ethics is often called ____, that is, duty-based

A

deontological

23
Q

acting for the sake of the law, that is, with absolute respect to the moral law, which dictates what a rational being ought to do

A

Acting for the sake of duty

24
Q

Acting for the sake of duty means acting for the sake of the __, that is, with absolute __ to the __ __, which dictates what a rational being ought to do

A

law
respect
moral law

25
Q

means acting simply to conform to the law.

A

Acting in accordance

26
Q

When the human person acts simply to __ to the law, the motive of her actions may be influenced by certain __ for an expected __

A

Conform
Desire
Outcome

27
Q

Kant is __ saying that and action is done in accordance with duty is ___ because it still conforms to the law.

A

NOT
wrong

28
Q

Kant is not saying that and action is done in accordance with duty is wrong because it still conforms to the law. However, it:

A

• it simply has no moral worth because it is motivated by inclination or desires
• The motive, therefore, of any moral action must be duty, not desires.

29
Q

DUTY

A

TO BE HONEST
TO PRESERVES ONE’S LIFE IS A DUTY
TO BE BENEVOLENT IS A DUTY
TO BE HAPPY
TO LOVE
“DUTY IS THE NECESSITY OF AN ACTION FROM RESPECT FOR THE LAW”

30
Q

Kant formulates the moral law based on the ___ ___ __ __ that apply to all human persons, irrespective of their desires or inclinations.

A

Principles of practical reasoning

31
Q

Kant attaches the criteria of ___ ___ and __ __ to the moral law.

A

absolute necessity
strict universality

32
Q

the moral law is absolutely __ and does _ accept any exception (
__), and at the same time, __ how human person ought to __ (___ )

A

binding
Not
Categorical
Directs
act
imperative

33
Q

the moral law is absolutely binding and does not accept any exception (categorical), and at the same time, directs how human person ought to act (imperative )

A

Categorical Imperative

34
Q

2 formulations of categorical imperative

A

a. “act only on that maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law”
b. “So act as to treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another never as a means but always as an end.”

35
Q

Principle on which the moral agent acts. It is the principle of action

A

Maxim

36
Q

Maxim is the principle on which the __ __ acts. It is the principle of ___

A

moral agent
action

37
Q

After the human person determines a principle of action or maxim, he/she must ask herself whether it is __ for everyone to act in accordance with that ___.

A

Possible
Maxim

38
Q

Based on the principle of humanity

A

Maxim

39
Q

dictates that rational beings must treat each other as __ in themselves and never as __ to some further ends.

A

Ends
means

40
Q

dictates that rational beings must treat each other as ends in themselves and never as means to some further ends.

A

Categorical imperative

41
Q

If we use another rational being as means to another end, then we have __ that rational being to a thing.

A

Reduced

42
Q

Test for universalization of the Maxim

A
  1. Identify the action to be tested
  2. Test for universalizability: imagine the maxim were a universal law, is there a self-contradiction
  3. Conclude by articulating the duty.
43
Q

Identify the action to be tested

A

• Formulate the maxim (personal rule: “When I…, I shall)
“When I need money, I shall borrow it from someone without intending to pay it back”

44
Q

Test for universalizability:

A

• Suppose everyone were obligated to follow this maxim, as if it were a universal law:
“ Everyone ought to borrow money without intending to pay, when they need money”

No one will lend money, “who are you fooling, you ought not pay it back” : MONEY-LENDING LOSES ITS MEANING (self-contradictory)

45
Q

Conclude by articulating the duty

A

Therefore, do not borrow money without intending to pay.

GEC 107- ETHICS (PPT) (2 decks)

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