kant

Question 1

base religion on …

Answer 1

reason not faith as reason is universal

Question 2

ao2 based on reason -

Answer 2

people generally do have the same ideas about morality

Question 3

good will

Answer 3

a good will is held by someone who has the right intention when performing their duty

Question 4

duty

Answer 4

we should act purely out of a sense of duty

we should leave out personal feelings and desires

it sis deontological

Question 5

ao2 fletcher and Macintyre

Answer 5

accuses Kantian ethics of being too inflexible
its not easily applicable as it tells you what type of actions are good but n to the right thing to do in particular situations

Question 6

ao2 Barbara herman

Answer 6

emotions can only lead to the right action by luck

Question 7

plato link

Answer 7

rationality is the highest form of humanity and must be used to direct social, emotional and animal desires

plato’s charioteer analogy - book republic
2 horses appetite and emotion are controlled by the charioteer reason

Question 8

freedom

Answer 8

is an essential. part of being human - to be good you must choose in every minute to follow the demands of reason

Question 9

categorical imperative

Answer 9

a single rational moral principle that is a command to do the moral duty irrespective of the consequences

Question 10

categorical imperatives 3 principles and the book its in

Answer 10

groundworks

principle of universalisation

principle of humanity

principle of a kingdom of ends

Question 11

categorical imperatives - principle of universalisation

Answer 11

a person should ‘always act so that the maxim of their action would become a universal law’

Question 12

categorical imperative - principle of humanity as an end

Answer 12

a rational person should never treat humanity as a means to an end

Question 13

categorical imperative - principle of a kingdom of ends

Answer 13

a rational person would ‘always act as a law-making member of a kingdom of ends’

Question 14

categorical imperatives ao2

Answer 14

kant being in favour of freedom and saying that moral agents must obey the CI contradicts each other

foot - what makes CI rationally binding - could just be social conditioning

Question 15

hypothetical imperative

Answer 15

acting out a duty that is enlightened by the good will

if I want to do x then I must do y

Question 16

similar to mill

Answer 16

defines a difference between short term personal pleasure and long term greater good pleasure

the only way of justifying moral pbehav your is with reference to some greater good o rsummum bonus

Question 17

3 postulates

Answer 17

something you must assume to be true to have a basis for reasoning

1) god - to ensure justice is done
2) immortality - we must assume there is an afterlife in which people are rewarded with happiness
3) freedom -to make moral decisions

Question 18

CI unclear - ao2

Answer 18

it offers 3 versions so fails to provide a robust , clear guidance on complex moral issues
HOWEVER
this is Kant’s intention to remove clear, set rules as it removes a sense of freedom and responsibility

Question 19

Kantian ethics is unnatural

Answer 19

stocker -n e.g. of visiting ill friend in hospital and saying its because its your duty

williams - its unnatural
a virtuous person can cultivate their emotional reactions so0 that their feelings reliably motivate them to do what’s right

during moral actions you dint think yours imply do right

Question 20

b. constant ao2

Answer 20

its human nature to consider the consequences before acting
uses murderer at door scenario
constant argues we should lie - this fits most peoples moral intuitions
telling the truth cannot be duty but it depends on situation
KANTS RESPONSE
we cannot control consequences so we cannot b e responsible of them - they cannot be relevant to our moral decision making

Question 21

hegel ao2

Answer 21

kant overlooks the fact that we exist in complex webs of social influence

we live in a deep connection to other people so to an extent we are responsible for each others actions