Kandle Reading (Lecture 1) Flashcards
what is the purpose of the new intellectual framework for psychiatry? (2)
- emphasize that professional requirements require greater knowledge of structure/functioning of brain
- illustrate that psychiatry can be best studied by having a full understanding of the biological components of the behavior
what 2 things illustrate the dominance of psychoanalysis in psychiatry (< 1960s)?
- encompassed almost all mental illness (including major psychoses, schizophrenia and MDD)
- included specific medical illnesses that didnt readily respond to pharmacological treatments (ie hypertension, asthma, etc)
who proved the following statement wrong:
“The thinking about the relationship between brain and behavior was dominated by a view that different mental functions could not be localized to specific brain regions.”
Karl Lashley
what was Lashley’s view (1940s) of brain/behavior?
argued that cortex is equipotential: all higher mental functions were presumed to be represented diffusely throughout the cortex
who contributed to the separation of psychiatry from biology?
freud and skinner
why might the separation of psychiatry from biology be healthy for psychiatry/psychology? (3)
- permitted development of systematic definitions of behavior/disease
- develop direct and respectful ways for physicians to interact with mentally ill patients
- led to less stigmatized social perspective on mental illness
why was it encouraged by psychiatry teachers in > 1950s to NOT read?
argued that reading interfere with residents ability to listen to patients and biased their perception of the patients’ life histories
what was Day and Semrad’s 1978 summary of therapy with schizophrenic patients? (3)
- Therapy is collaborative
- therapist relies on personal experiences and therapeutic principles to accept the patient as they are and fostering mutual learning.
- therapist’s primary focus is on loving the patient in their state of decompensation
The almost unrealistic demand for empathy left little room for _____ content
intellectual
give two examples of how the demand for empathy left little room for intellectual content
- no grand rounds at the mental health center
- no outside speakers invited to discuss current clinical/scientific issues
what caused the turning point in American psychiatry in the 1960s?
new and effective treatments -> psychopharmacology
How did the advent of psychopharmacology impact psychiatry? (3)
- provided effective treatments for major mental illnesses, approaching practical cures for diseases like depression and manic-depressive illness
- field saw advancements with clinically validated diagnostic criteria
- renewed interest in the biology and genetics of mental illness
what is the double role of psychiatry?
- seeks to answer questions on its own level (diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders)
- pose behavioural questions that biology needs to answer to advance understanding of higher mental processing
what are the 5 principles of Kandle’s intellectual framework?
- All mental processes, even the most complex psychological processes, derive from operations of the brain.
- Genes and their protein products are important determinants of the pattern of interconnections between neurons in the brain and the details of their functioning.
- Altered genes do not, by themselves, explain all of the variance of a given major mental illness.
- Alterations in gene expression induced by learning give rise to changes in patterns of neuronal connections.
- long-term changes in behavior occurs through learning, by producing changes in gene expression that alter the strength of synaptic connections and structural changes that alter the anatomical pattern of interconnections between nerve cells of the brain.
which principle applies to behaviours by single individuals, to behaviours between individuals, and to social behaviour in groups of individuals?
principle 1
