Kaltenboeck Lectures Exam 1 Flashcards
Can differentiate species of streptococcus using ?
Hemolysis
What are the usual specimens strep is found in?
pus, joint fluid, milk
Which strep spp. shows alpha hemolysis?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Most pyogenic streptococci show what type of hemolysis?
beta
Which spp. of strep is CAMP positive? What does that mean?
Streptococcus agalactiae
it completed the partial hemolysis mediated by St. aureus
How does Streptococcus caused pygoenic infections?
Kills invading phagocytic cells, causing release of lytic enzymes–>tissue liquefaction
What are Streptococcus’ 2 virulence factors?
M protein and hyaluronidase
Define:
1) hemolysins
2) streptokinase
3) hyaluronidase
4) erythrogenic toxins
1) cause beta-hemolysis and kill phagocytic cells
2) dissolves clots
3) breaks down connective tissue
4) causes rash in scarlet fever
Which bacteria is responsible for equine strangles?
Streptococcus equi
Most spp. of Streptococcus cause what disease?
mastitis
Which bacteria is responsible for scarlet fever in humans?
Streptococcus pyogenes
T/F: Animals with Streptococcus pneumoniae pose a risk to humans
FALSE (humans pose a risk to animals)
Which genus of bacteria is usually in grape-like clusters?
Staphylococcus
when are Staphylococcus considered to be pathogenic?
when isolated in pure culture from lesions
What special agar can be used to ID Staphylococcus?
mannitol-salt agar
Which specific species causes a yellow color on mannitol-salt agar? Why?
Staphylococcus aureus
ferments mannitol
Define: (Staphylococcus)
1) coagulase
2) clumping factor
3) enterotoxins
4) staphylokinase
1) causes clotting of blood plasma
2) reacts with plasma fibrinogen
3) cause signs of food poisoning (1-6hrs); very heat resistant
4) degrades fibrin
What is the significance of protein A for Staphylococcus?
binds IgG
What bacteria causes suppurative wound infections, pyoderma, and food poisoning?
Staphylococcus aureus (or intermedius)
What species is Staphylococcus intermedius common in?
Dogs
Which Staphylococcus spp is important in swine? What disease dose it cause?
Staphylococcus hyicus
Greasy pig disease
How to micrococci differ from the rest of the Staphylococcus spp?
can only tolerate 5% salt in medium
What bacteria genus is it important to test for resistance with and why?
Staphylococcus; can encode beta-lactamase enzyme
which spp of Staphylococcus can infect humans?
S. aureus and S. hyicus
Which genus of bacteria is pleomorphic rods?
Corynebacterium & Rhodococcus
All pathogenic strains of • Corynebacterium are ______ positive?
Urease
Which spp. of bacteria is found in the urogenital tracts of bovine?
Corynebacterium renale
significance of Corynebacterium renale’s pili?
help with adherence to mucous membranes; also antigen for differentiation
How does C. renale hide from the host’s immune system?
covered with IgG
which spp of Corynebacterium infects through skin lesions
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
What bacteria causes lymphadenitis in small ruminants and ulcerative lymphangitis in horses?
C. pseudotuberculosis
Which bacteria causes suppurative pneumonia in foals?
Rhodococcus equi
R. equi is usually commensal in horse intestines? (T/F)
True
Why are Corynebacterium and Rhodococcus infections difficult to treat?
difficult for antibiotics to penetrate the walled off lesions
Which gram positive rods are naturally occurring in soil and vegetation?
Listeria
Why is Listeria difficult to isolate?
usually present in small numbers
For which bacteria can you use cold enrichment (growing at 4*)?
Listeria
What are the 2 disease forms of listeria monocytogenes?
neural
visceral
This bacteria causes “circling disease” in ruminants
Listeria monocytogenes
What 2 things enable L monocytogenes to survive in macrophages?
Heat-labile hemolysin
Listeriolysin
Why is listeriolysin important?
it disrupts phagocytic vacuole in macrophage; Virulence depends on this!!
What method can effectively destroy Listeria monocytogenes?
pasteurization
What are the sources for Listeria infection in humans?
contaminated milk and dairy products
Swine are the reservoir for this bacteria
Erysipelotrhix
Does Erysipelotrhix produce toxins?
No
What bacteria produces disease in pigs ages 3-18 months. usually reddish/purple rhomboidal patches
Erysipelotrhix rhusiopathiae
If moist, Erysipelotrhix can remain viable for years (T/F)
True
Which bacteria is associated with being an “occupational disease” of veterinarians, butchers, and fish handlers?
Erysipelotrhix rhusiopathiae
The genus of bacteria is responsible for ray fungus disease in many animals
Actinomyces
The bacteria are commensal organisms of the oral cavity
Actinomyces
T/F: Actinomyces CAN survive outside its host
False
This bacteria is responsible for chronic abscessing mastitis in cows
Actinomyces pyogenes
What is the virulence factor of Actinomyces pyogenes?
proteinase
Causes lumpy jaw in cattle
Actinomyces bovis
Cause pyothorax in dogs
Actinomyces viscosus
Large, spore forming, rods found in soil, air, dust, and water
Bacillus
Colonies of this bacteria have wavy edges (“medusa head”)
Bacillus anthracis
What are the 3 components of B. anthracis exotoxin?
Component I–edema factor
Component II–protective antigen
Component III–lethal factor
What two characteristics does B. anthracis need to have to be virulent?
encapsulated
toxigenic
The skin lesions of the bacteria form malignant carbuncles
B. anthracis
T/F B. anthracis is an obligate pathogen
True
For B. anthracis:
What species are usually affected by
1) acute septicemic form
2) cutaneous form
1) horses and ruminants
2) dogs, cats, swine
large, strictly ANAEROBIC, spore-forming rods
Clostridium
Best and fastest method for IDing Clostridium
fluorescent antibodies
Causes tetanus
Clostridium tetani
causes blackleg in sheep and cattle
Clostridium chauvoei
Causes malignant edema
Clostridium septicum
Causes food poisoning and enterotoxemia
Clostridium perfringens
Source of infection for malignant edema
soil contamination of wounds
Causes bacillary hemoglobinuria (“red water”) disease in cattle and sheep
Clostridium haemolyticum
Infection with C. haemolyticum is secondary to ?
liver damage via fluke migration
Important toxins of Clostridium spp (4)
1) Alpha–>phospholipase C (principal lethal toxin)
2) beta
3) Epsilon–protoxin converted by proteaes to become lethal
4) Kappa– causes “pulping” of affected tissue
Toxins of which bacteria bind to gangliosides of nerve cells and migrate to spinal cord and medulla?
Clostridium tetani
How does C. botulinum cause paralysis
prevents muscle transmission of nerve pulses to muscle
(T/F) The spores of Clostridium are sensitive to disinfectants
False; vegetative form is sensitive
Small, acid-fast rods that grow very slowly
Mycobacteria
What two factors make Mycobacteria so resistant?
cell wall components
high lipid concentration
What is the virulence factor of Mycobacteria
mycosides
Variations in tuberculin test are used to diagnose infections with?
Mycobacteria
Causes Johne’s disease
M. paratuberculosis
Smallest bacteria; lack a cell wall
Myoplasma
How are are the Myoplasma bacteria classified?
on whether they require cholesterol for growth or not
Causes contagious bovine pneumonia
Myoplasma mycoides
The specimens of what bacteria must be refrigerated and inoculated withing 48 hours
Myoplasma
