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PSYC 2050 > kaito > Flashcards

kaito Flashcards

comparitive cognition

1
Q

What seperates apes from monkeys?

A

apes have no tail, larger brain and body

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2
Q

What do primates rely on most?

A

vision and grasping

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3
Q

Do primates rely more on vision or smell?

A

vision :)

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4
Q

What do primates eat?

A

Manyy kinds of food- omnivores

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5
Q

why is claiming that 99% of DNA is shared with chimps wrong?

A

DNA is only made of four molecules- there is a baseline of 25%

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6
Q

What are the great apes?

A

Gorilla, Oranghutan and chimpanzee

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7
Q

What is stopping the progress in comparitive cog?

A
  • defining the mental powers of other primates, and what makes us uniquely human
  • biases in the literature
  • difficulties demonstrating absense of ability
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8
Q

What are the two biases found in evolutionary psyc literature?

A
  • emphasizing discontinuity between animals and humans (humans are special)
  • emphasise continuity between animals and humans
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9
Q

What shows animal consciousness?

A

-to feel

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10
Q

Whats an example that animals with neuronal systems experience pain?

A

Rats with chronically inflamed joints prefer to drink water with pain relieving medicine in it

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11
Q

What type of animals do we think do not ‘feel’ emotions/pain?

A

Animals without neuronal systems

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12
Q

What is Koelers experiment that supposedly shows animal insight?

A

Chimps will build and climb a stack of boxes and use tools (stick) to reach a banana on a wire.

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13
Q

What does Koelers experiment on chimps also show (besides insight)?

A

Chimps are more complex- maybe they can reason?

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14
Q

What is the machiavellian hypothesis for evolution of intelligence?

A

Social learning

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15
Q

What neurologically supports the machiavellian hypothesis?

A

association between neocortex ratio and group size

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16
Q

What are components of primate social intelligence?

A
  • group living
  • grooming
  • social heirarchies
  • keeping track of third party relations
  • tactical deception
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17
Q

What are examples of chimpanzees co-operating?

A

working together to climb over an electric fence

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18
Q

What are examples of oranghutans imitating humans?

A
  • watching humans use soap and trying to use soap

- attempting to use kerosine to start a fire

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19
Q

So chimpanzees recognise when you imitate them?

A

Yes!

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20
Q

What is evidence of social inheritence in chimpanzee culture?

A
  • Different groups using different tools to crack open nuts

- different groups have different greetings

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21
Q

What is the journey of studying language in the literature?

A

Max Mueller- no other animals can communicate like humans
Charles Darwin- nah mate wheres the proof
-Richard Garner (the simian Tongue), apes have a language, unproven
-Marter et al- some monkeys have distinct alarm calls for different threats

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22
Q

what is evidence that apes have self-recognition?

A
  • gorillas have mirror self recognition

- gorillas being taught sign language

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23
Q

How do we test mirror self recognition in gibbons?

A
  • Expose gibbon to mirror for 5-6 hours
  • feed them icing sugar and then put it on their arm or leg
  • Gibbons do not lick icing sugar off areas of their bodies only visible in the mirror image
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24
Q

Do gibbons pass the mirror self recognition?

A

No

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25
Q

What do great apes do that small apes and monkeys cannot?

A
  • pretend play
  • mirror self recognition
  • imitation games
  • insightful problem solving
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26
Q

What does pretence involve?

A

two mental representaions: a representation of reality and a representation of the pretend world

27
Q

Why is the gap between humans and animals so big?

A

Because all of the other hominins have dies :(

28
Q

How is it theorised that all the hominins died?

A

We EXTErminated them (not epic) and continue to do so.

29
Q

What did Norm Chompsky believe about language?

A

It is a mix of grammar and syntax rules

30
Q

Can behaviourism account for language?

A

No- BF Skinner was wrong

31
Q

What begun the rise of the cognitive revolution?

A

Norm Chompskys work on syntax in languague- it disproved the behaviourist approach to language, and thus, most of psychology followed

32
Q

What are the diversities of language?

A
  • languages
  • dialects
  • accent
33
Q

What are the ‘unnatural’ parts of language?

A

reading and writing- very effortful to learn

34
Q

What are the properties of language?

A
  • communicative
  • arbitrary symbols (not restricted to speech)
  • structured (governed by rules, heirarchical)
  • generative
  • dynamic
35
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

The smallest instance of speech that changes meaning (difference between c and b in ‘cat’ or ‘bat’ for example)

36
Q

What is Libermans motor theory of speech perception?

A

Invariance in speech lies in the production, not the acoustic signal- we hear the sounds according to how we produce them

37
Q

What disproved Libermans motor theory of speech perception?

A

Looking at xrays of speech

38
Q

What influences our perception of phonemes?

A

Context c:

39
Q

Why can we lipread?

A

Because visual cues are important in influencing our perception of speech

40
Q

What is a morpheme?

A

The smallest unit of meaning

41
Q

What is morpholody?

A

Rules governing how morphemes fit together

42
Q

What are content morphemes?

A

convey meaning through prefixes and suffixes

43
Q

What are functional morphemes (inflections)?

A

Grammatical function with little meaning- adding ‘ing’ to the end of a word

44
Q

What is syntax?

A

The arrangement of words into sentences to convey meaning, has little to do with meaning

45
Q

What is recursion?

A

Refferring to something refferred to previosusly and adding to it- ‘to add clauses or imbed clauses within other clauses’

46
Q

What is parsing?

A

How you interpret sentences

47
Q

What is tail recursion?

A

Adding phrases at the beginning of a phrase

48
Q

What is embedded recursion?

A

Adding a clause within a phrase

49
Q

What is Chomsky’s universal language?

A

The surface grammer differs between language but the underlying rules share many elements eg. nouns, verbs and adjectives still exist however rules of using these change.

50
Q

What is the LAD

A

the language aquisition device- the innate ability all humans have to learn and aquire language

51
Q

What are pragmatics?

A

How we use different languages in different contexts, often guided by social scripts

52
Q

What are the four Gricean Maxims?

A
  • maxim of quantity
  • maxim of quality
  • maxim of relation
  • maxim of manner
53
Q

What is the maxim of quantity?

A

your contribution to a conversation must me informative but not too informative

54
Q

What is the maxim of quality?

A

your contribution to a conversation should be truthful

55
Q

What is the maxim of relation?

A

your conversations must be relevant to the conversation

56
Q

What is the maxim of manner?

A

you should try to avoid obscure expressions, and purposeful obfuscations of your point (NO JARGON!)

57
Q

What are the predictable stages that language is aquired?

A

8 months- practicing phonemes
10-15 months- real words appear
18-24 months- rapid word aquisition
2-4 years- syntax aquisition

58
Q

What are examples that confirm there is a critical period of language development?

A
  • Genie case study
  • Right hemisphere taking over aquisition if left is damaged
  • accent when learning second language in adulthood
59
Q

What happens when you have a lesion in Brocas area?

A

The production of words is not correct- brocas productive aphasia

60
Q

What happens if you have a lesion in Wernicks aphasia?

A

Receptive aphasia, understanding of words is not correct

61
Q

Why can’t apes learn vocal language?

A

They lack the facial muscles

62
Q

Who is the most competent ape at ASL?

A

Kanzi, a bonobo. He understands instructions in asl and language, but production is limited

63
Q

What are the two evolutionary language aquisition theories?

A

Early bloomers- descended from a common ancestor

Late bloomers- language only evident in hominins

64
Q

What is sumerian writing?

A

Accountants in Sumeria used pebbles to represent meaningful goods, and when people paid their dues a pebble was added to a fired clay pot. THis was ineffective, so they imprinted the pebbles onto the outisde of the pots to represent taxes, which then evolved to flat plates rather than pots.

PSYC 2050 (1 decks)

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