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Embryology > Kai's Embryology > Flashcards

Kai's Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe what happens in the 1st week

A

Fertilisation and formation of the blastocyst

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2
Q

Describe what happens in the 2nd week

A

implantation and formation of the bilaminar embryonic disc

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3
Q

Describe what happens in the 3rd week

A

further development of the embryo and formation of the trilaminar embryonic disc

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4
Q

Describe what happens in the 4th week

A

folding of the embryo

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5
Q

Describe what happens from the 5th- end of the 8th week

A

development of all organs

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6
Q

Describe what happens in the 8th week (end)

A

the embryo looks like an adult and is called a foetus (up to 9th week = foetal period)

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7
Q

Name the steps from zygote to embryoblast and trophoblast

A
  • zygote
  • 2cell, 4cell, 8cell
  • 16cell morula
  • enters uterus
  • blastocyst
  • embryoblast and trophoblast
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8
Q

What does the embryoblast give rise to?

A

bilaminar disc which gives rise to the epiblast and the hypoblast

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9
Q

What does the epiblast give rise to?

A

amnioblasts (line the amniotic cavity) and the primtive streak

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10
Q

what does the hypoblast give rise to?

A

cells of the blastocyst cavity and inner surface of the trophoblast = exocoelomic cavity/primitive yolk sac

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11
Q

how does the trilaminar disc form?

A

via gastrulation

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12
Q

In the trilaminar disc, what does epiblast give rise to?

A

ectoderm

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13
Q

In the trilaminar disc, what does the hypoblast give rise to?

A

endoderm

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14
Q

How is mesoderm formed?

A

from the invagination of some epiblast cells in the primitive streak

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15
Q

What does the notochord develop from?

A

mesoderm

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16
Q

What does the trophoblast give rise to?

A

cytotrophoblast and syncitiotrophoblast

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17
Q

What does the syncitiotrophoblast do?

A

invades maternal tissue, develops blood filled lacunae and establishes placental circulation

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18
Q

Where does the embryonic mesoderm grow?

A

between the cytotrophoblast and the exocoelomic membrane

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19
Q

What does extraembryonic mesoderm give rise to?

A

splanchopleuric and somatopleuric plates

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20
Q

What is the extraembryonic mesoderm responsible for?

A

vascularisation of embryo from placenta and gives rise to chorionic villi which are responsible for the nutrition of the foetus

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21
Q

Where is the oropharyngeal membrane?

A

at the cranial end

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22
Q

where is the cloacal membrane?

A

at the caudal end

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23
Q

What does the oropharyngeal membrane become?

A

The future opening of the oral cavity

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24
Q

What does the cloacal membrane become?

A

the future opening of the anal cavity

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25
Q

What does cephalocaudal and lateral folding do?

A

Brings head and tail together and brings yolk sac into the embryo

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26
Q

What does ectoderm give rise to? (inc. neural crest cells)

A

CNS, PNS, Sensory epithelia of the nose eye and ear, pituitary, mammary and sweat glands and enamel of teeth

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27
Q

What are the 3 plates of the mesoderm?

A

paraxial plate, intermediate plate and lateral plate

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28
Q

What does the paraxial plate give rise to?

A

(paired somites)
Myotomes - skeletal muscle
Scleratomes- cartilage and bone
Dermatomes- dermis of the skin

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29
Q

What does the intermediate plate give rise to?

A

kidneys and their ducts, gonads and their ducts

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30
Q

What does the lateral plate give rise to?

A

Somatic/parietal layer- future body wall
Splanchnic/visceral layer- circulatory system, connective tissue for glands and muscle connective tissue and peritoneal compartments of gut wall

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31
Q

What does endoderm give rise to?

A
  • Epithelial lining of GI tract, respiratory tract and bladder
  • Epithelia of the tympanic cavity and auditory tube
  • Parynchyma of thyroid, parathyroid, liver and pancreas
  • Hepatocytes in the liver
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32
Q

What is the cardiovascular system mostly derived from?

A

mesoderm

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33
Q

What does the first heart field become?

A

future left ventricle

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34
Q

What does the second heart field become?

A

future right ventricle and future atria

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35
Q

What is the right atrium derived from?

A

Primitive atrium and sinus venosus

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36
Q

What is the left atrium derived from?

A

4 primitive pulmonary veins

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37
Q

What is the right ventricle derived from?

A

Bulbous cordis

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38
Q

What is the left ventricle derived from?

A

Primitive ventricle

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39
Q

What is the pulmonary trunk/aorta derived from?

A

Bulbous cordis/trunkus arteriosus

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40
Q

What are the SAN/AVN/bundle derived from?

A

sinus venosus/AV canal

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41
Q

What is the pericardium derived from?

A

septum transversum

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42
Q

What do the pharyngeal arches arise from?

A

aortic sac

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43
Q

What do the 1st pharyngeal arches give rise to?

A

small part of the maxillary artery

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44
Q

What do the 2nd pharyngeal arches give rise to?

A

Artery to the stapedius

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45
Q

What do the 3rd pharyngeal arches give rise to?

A

common carotid and proximal internal carotid arteries

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46
Q

What do the 4th pharyngeal arches give rise to?

A

Right: Right subclavian
Left: arch of aorta between origin of left carotid and ductus arteriosus

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47
Q

What do the 5th pharyngeal arches give rise to?

A

They never form!

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48
Q

What do the 6th pharyngeal arches give rise to?

A

Right: Proximal- right pulmonary artery
Distal- regresses
Left: left pulmonary and ductus arteriosus

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49
Q

What are the 3 foetal circulation changes at birth?

A

Foramen ovale becomes fossa ovale
Ductus arteriosus becomes ligamentum arteriosum
Ductus venosus becomes ligamentum venosum

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50
Q

What is the function of the ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale?

A

to bypass the pulmonary circulation

51
Q

What is the function of the ductus venosus?

A

to bypass the liver

52
Q

What is the respiratory system derived from?

A

The foregut as an outpouching of the oesophagus

53
Q

What does the outpouching of the oesophagus give rise to?

A

respiratory diverticulum -> splits into left and right buds -> bronchi

54
Q

What does the pseudoglandular stage give rise to?

A

main structural units i.e. cartilage, smooth muscle, angiogenesis, glands

55
Q

What does the cannalicular stage give rise to?

A

vascularisation, respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts

56
Q

What does the alveolar stage give rise to?

A

alveolar sacs, T1 and T2 pneumocytes
- T2 from 34 weeks with a dramatic increase pre birth, if baby born premature, may struggle with breathing, so given surfactant

57
Q

What are the boundaries of the foregut?

A

oropharyngeal membrane -> liver bud

58
Q

What are the boundaries of the midgut?

A

Liver bud -> 2/3 along the transverse colon

Remains temporarily attached to the yolk sac via the vitelline duct

59
Q

What are the boundaries of the hindgut?

A

final 1/3 of transverse colon -> cloacal membrane

60
Q

What are pharyngeal pouches?

A

Invaginations of endoderm

61
Q

How many pharyngeal pouches are there?

62
Q

What does the 1st pharyngeal pouch give rise to?

A

middle ear and eustachian tube

63
Q

What does the 2nd pharyngeal pouch give rise to?

A

palatine tonsils

64
Q

What does the 3rd pharyngeal pouch give rise to?

A

inferior parathyroid gland

65
Q

What does the 4th pharyngeal pouch give rise to?

A

thyroid gland cells and superior parathyroid gland

66
Q

What are pharyngeal clefts?

A

invaginations in ectoderm

67
Q

How many pharyngeal clefts are there?

68
Q

What does the 1st pharyngeal cleft give rise to?

A

external auditory meatus and epithelium of eardrum

69
Q

What do the 2nd-4th pharyngeal clefts give rise to?

A

cervical sinus

70
Q

What is the greater omentum derived from?

A

dorsal and ventral mesentery (4 layers)

71
Q

What is the lesser omentum derived from?

A

ventral mesentery only

72
Q

What aspects of the gut does dorsal mesentery cover?

A

lower foregut, midgut and most of the hindgut

73
Q

What aspects of the gut does ventral mesentery cover?

A

only foregut

74
Q

Describe stomach rotation

A
  • 90 degrees clockwise
  • left becomes anterior
  • right becomes posterior
    (same for vagal trunks)
75
Q

What creates the lesser sac?

A

stomach rotation

76
Q

What causes the duodenum to become C- shaped

A

stomach rotation

77
Q

How is the midgut connected to the yolk sac?

A

via the vitalline duct

78
Q

Describe the development process of the midgut

A

Elongation- forms primary intestinal loop with cephalic/proximal and caudal/distal parts
Herniation- loop is expelled through umbilical cord
Rotation- 270 degrees anticlockwise- 90 during herniation and 180 during its return inside
Retraction- reversal of herniation, begins with jejunum
Fixation- some regions lose dorsal mesentery and become retro peritoneal

79
Q

What is the rectum derived from?

80
Q

What is the upper 2/3rds of the anal canal derived from?

81
Q

What is the lower 1/3rd of the anal canal derived from?

82
Q

When does the anal membrane rupture?

A

week 7- joins the two parts of the canal

83
Q

How is the liver bud formed?

A

it is an endodermal outgrowth of the proximal duodenum

84
Q

Describe what happens to the liver bud

A

Proliferates as cords and penetrates the ventral mesentery
pars hepatica becomes bile duct
pars cystica becomes gall bladder and cystic duct
hepatic sinusoids become hepatocytes

85
Q

What is the pancreas derived from?

A

endodermal lining of the duodenum which gives rise to a dorsal and a ventral bud

86
Q

What do the dorsal and ventral buds of the duodenum endoderm give rise to?

A

Dorsal- head, body and tail of pancreas
Ventral- uncinate process of pancreas

Rotation brings the two buds together

87
Q

On what day does the neural plate form?

A

Day 19- it forms and begins to thicken via differential mitosis and the neural groove appears

88
Q

What happens between day 24 and day 28 to the neural plate?

A

the neural plate ends join to form the neural tube = neuralation

89
Q

What do neural crest cells give rise to?

A
  • melanocytes and dermis
  • adrenal medulla
  • cranial nerves 5,7,9,10
  • bony skull
  • meninges
90
Q

What does lateral migration give rise to?

A

dorsal root ganglia

91
Q

what does ventral migration give rise to?

A

sympathetic ganglia

92
Q

What does the anterior neural tube become?

93
Q

What does the posterior neural tube become?

A

spinal cord

94
Q

What does the anterior neural tube divide in to?

A

prosencephalon
mesencephalon
rhombencephalon

95
Q

What does the prosencephalon give rise to?

A 
telencephalon = cortex
diencephalon = thalamus and hypothalamus
96
Q

What does the mesencephalon give rise to?

97
Q

What does the rhombencephalon give rise to?

A 
metencephalon = pons
myencephalon = medulla
98
Q

What are the kidneys derived from?

99
Q

What happens to the pronephros?

A

degrades 4th week

100
Q

What happens to the mesonephros?

A

appears 4th week, degrades 6th week

  • made of ridge and duct
  • combines with genital ridge = urogenital ridge
  • forms mesonpheric tubules and glomerulus
101
Q

What happens to the metenephros?

A

appears 5th week, made from:

  • metanephric blastema- nephrons
  • uteric bud- renal pelvis, minor and major calyces, collecting ducts
102
Q

Where do the kidneys begin to develop?

A

Develops in the pelvis and moves cranially

  • blood supply from pelvic aorta
  • abdominal branches usually degrade but not always
103
Q

What are the bladder and urethra formed from?

104
Q

What is the cloaca divided by?

A

the urogenital septum (of mesoderm)
- this gives rise to:
urogenital sinus and anorectal canal

105
Q

What does the urogenital sinus give rise to?

A
  • bladder

- prostatic/ membranous/ penile urethras (sup-inf)

106
Q

What are the genital organs derived from?

A

intermediate mesoderm (sex characteristics at week 7)

107
Q

What is the indifferent stage in genital embryology?

A

Mesonephric/ Wolffian ducts -> Male

Paramesonephric/ Mullerian ducts -> Female

108
Q

What are the primitive sex cords derived from?

A

Primordial germ cells from the epiblast that migrate to the genital ridge and proliferate

109
Q

What is the external genitalia derived from?

A

mesenchyme

110
Q

Describe the steps from mesenchyme to scrotal/labial swellings

A
  • mesenchyme
  • elevated cloacal folds unite
  • genital tubercle
  • urethral (anterior) and anal (posterior) folds
  • scrotal and labial swellings
111
Q

where do the testis develop?

A

develop retroperitoneal and descend through the inguinal canal

112
Q

What do the primitive sex cords give rise to?

A

testis cords (contain primordial germ cells, sertolli cells and Leydig cells) and rete testis

113
Q

What do Leydig cells produce?

A

Testosterone and DHT

114
Q

What do testosterone and DHT do?

A

causes differentiation of genital ducts (Wolffian) and external genitalia

115
Q

What is tunica albuginea derived from?

A

genital ridge

116
Q

What is the distal urethra derived from?

117
Q

What 6 things does oestrogen make develop?

A
  • Mullerian ducts
  • Urogenital sinus
  • This tissue plate
  • Urethral folds
  • Genital swellings
  • Genital tubercle
118
Q

What do the Mullerian ducts become?

A

uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, upper vagina

119
Q

What does the urogenital sinus (female) become?

A

lower vagina

120
Q

What does the thin tissue plate (female) become?

A

hymen, separates lumen of vagina from urogenital sinus

121
Q

What do the urethral folds (female) become?

A

labia minora

122
Q

What do the genital swellings (female) become?

A

labia majora

123
Q

What does the genital tubercle (female) become?

Embryology (1 decks)

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