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Personal Science Review > Kahn Academy Earth and Space Science > Flashcards

Kahn Academy Earth and Space Science Flashcards

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1
Q

What two variables is Gravity Influenced by?

A

Mass and the distance between objects

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2
Q

What are Mar’s two moons?

A

Phobos (fear) and Deimos (dread)

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3
Q

Mars’ atmosphere

A

Thin atmosphere of carbon dioxide

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4
Q

What is the Oort Cloud?

A

Space at the very edge of the solar system that is filled with comets made of ice and dust.

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5
Q

How often does Halley’s Comet come near Earth?

A

Every 75 years

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6
Q

What is Jupiter’s atmosphere made of?

A

Hydrogen and Helium

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7
Q

How many moons does Jupiter have?

A

50

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8
Q

How was the Solar System formed?

A

By a huge cloud of gas and dust 4.6 billion years ago.

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9
Q

Common features of terrestrial planets

A

Thin atmospheres, solid surfaces, few or no moons, no rings.

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10
Q

Common features of Gas Giant planets

A

Thick atmospheres, no solid surfaces, many moons and rings

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11
Q

Natural Satellite

A

Naturally occurring body that orbits a planet.

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12
Q

How long does the moon take to orbit Earth?

A

27 days

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13
Q

How long does it take for the moon to orbit on it’s axis?

A

27 days (the same amount of time it takes for it to orbit Earth, hence, the same side of the moon is always facing us)

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14
Q

Waxing Moon

A

Phases when the moon is growing bigger.

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15
Q

Waning Moon

A

Phases when the moon is growing smaller

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16
Q

The 8 Moon Phases

A

New, waxing crescent, first quarter, waxing gibbous, full moon, waning gibbous, third quarter, waning crescent

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17
Q

New Moon

A

When the lit side of the moon is facing completely away from Earth.

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18
Q

Lunar Eclipse

A

When the moon is covered by Earth’s shadow.

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19
Q

Why do lunar eclipses only occur during full moons?

A

It’s the only time in Earth’s orbit where the Earth is between the sun and moon.

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20
Q

Why isn’t there a lunar eclipse every full moon?

A

Because the moon’s orbit around Earth is tilted relative to Earth’s orbit around the sun.

This means the moon passes just above or below Earth’s shadow.

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21
Q

How old is Earth’s water?

A

4.6 billion years old

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22
Q

What percent of water on Earth is Ocean?

A

95%

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23
Q

Transpiration

A

Evaporation of water from plants- water is absorbed through plant roots and through transpiration, turns into water vapor and leaves directly through the leaves through tiny pores called stomata and return to the atmosphere.

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24
Q

What force drive evaporation and transpiration?

A

The sun’s energy

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25
Q

What force drives precipitation?

A

Gravity

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26
Q

Air masses formed on land tend to have less humidity than those formed over…

A

The ocean

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27
Q

Air Mass

A

Large body of air w/ uniform temp and humidity.

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28
Q

Air mass movement…

A

From areas of high pressure, to areas of low pressure.

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29
Q

Cold Front

A

Formed when cold air mass moves into a warm air mass. It usually brings cool temperatures, heavy rain, and/or thunderstorms

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30
Q

Warm Front

A

Warm air mass moves into cold air mass. It usually brings warm temperatures and moderate rain.

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31
Q

Current

A

The steady flow of a fluid (such as air or water) within a larger body of that fluid.

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32
Q

Prevailing winds

A

Air currents that blow mainly in one direction and caused by the uneven heating of Earth’s surface.

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33
Q

What causes ocean surface currents?

A

Prevailing winds blowing across the ocean.

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34
Q

Coriolis Effect

A

The curve of surface currents and prevailing winds due to Earth’s rotation.

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35
Q

Which way do northern hemisphere currents curve?

A

To the right

36
Q

Which way do southern hemisphere currents curve?

A

To the left

37
Q

Gyre

A

Giant rotating systems formed by surface currents of the ocean connecting.

38
Q

How deep into the ocean do currents that drive gyres extend?

A

About 1km down into ocean and help move water all around the globe.

39
Q

Water is good at holding heat from the sun, causing gyres not to just move water but…

A

Heat energy

40
Q

How does warm and cold water move between the equator and poles?

A

Warm water moves from the equator to poles and cold water moves from the poles to equator.

41
Q

Water density is effected by these two variables…

A

Temperature and salinity

42
Q

Denser water is…

A

Saltier and colder, therefore it sinks like cool air

43
Q

Less dense water is…

A

Warmer and less salty, so less dense water rises

44
Q

Overturning Circulation

A

Vertical currents are connected by horizontal currents at the surface and deep currents (vertical)

45
Q

Climate

A

Long term pattern of weather in a particular region.

46
Q

Latitude

A

Measuring north and south on the globe, with the equator being zero degrees (90 degrees north, 90 degrees south)

47
Q

Why do regions at higher elevations, like mountains, tend to have lower average air temperatures than areas of low elevation?

A

As air rises from lower to higher elevations, it expands and cools, hence cooler weather.

48
Q

While water heats and cools slowly, land…

A

Land is faster in temperature change.

49
Q

Why do climates tend to be more mild near oceans and lakes- with less seasonal variation?

A

Large bodies of water help moderate air temperatures.

50
Q

Rain shadow

A

Area of reduced rainfall behind a mountain range. In a rain shadow, the climate is warmer and drier compared to the climate on the other side of the range,

51
Q

Igneous Rock

A

When molten rock cools and becomes solid. Igneous rocks make up more than 90% of Earth’s crust.

52
Q

Magma

A

Molten rock existing below Earth’s surface.

53
Q

Magma tends to cool slowly underground, which gives it time for…

A

The elements in it to form large crystals.

54
Q

Lava

A

Molten rock that flows above the ground

55
Q

Lava tends to cool…

A

Quickly

56
Q

Weathering

A

When water, weather, wind, and other physical forces chip away at a rock

57
Q

Sediments

A

Rock particles chipped off a rock due to weathering

58
Q

Erosion

A

Transports sediment from one place to another

59
Q

Deposition

A

Drops sediment in a new location

60
Q

Sedimentary rock

A

Formed when sediment is compacted and cemented.

61
Q

Lithification

A

The process of sediments compacting to produce sedimentary rocks

62
Q

Metamorphic rocks

A

Form when existing rocks are exposed to intense heat and pressure. Can be formed from igneous, sedimentary, and other metamorphic rocks.

63
Q

Geologic timescale

A

Breaks up all of Earth’s history into units called eons and eras

64
Q

Strata

A

Sedimentary rock layers

65
Q

Law of Superposition

A

Layers of strata at the bottom are older than layers at the top.

66
Q

Law of cross cutting relationships

A

When two geologic features cross or intersect, the feature that cuts through the other is younger.

67
Q

Plate Boundary

A

A place where two plates meet

68
Q

Index Fossils

A

Fossils that are only found on a specific section of the geologic timescale

69
Q

The first single cellular life formed how long ago?

A

3.8 billion years ago

70
Q

The first multicellular life formed how long ago?

A

600 million years ago

71
Q

Fault

A

A crack in Earth’s crust

72
Q

Intrusion

A

Body of igneous rock formed in Earth’s crust

73
Q

Lithosphere

A

Made up of Earth’s crust and upper part of the mantle

74
Q

Tectonic plates

A

Broken up pieces of the lithosphere

75
Q

Asthenosphere

A

Section of the mantle just below the lithosphere.

76
Q

How long ago did pangea break apart and drift into the current continents?

A

200 million years ago

77
Q

Evidence of continental drift

A
  1. Matching or complimentary coastlines of continents
  2. Fossils of the same species on different continents.
78
Q

Plate Interaction Types

A
  1. Convergent
  2. Divergent
  3. Transform
79
Q

Convergent boundary

A

One plate sliding under the other and pushing it up.

80
Q

Divergent Boundary

A

Two tectonic plates move apart and create different kinds of landforms like rift valleys and mid ocean ridges

81
Q

Transform Boundary

A

When two plates slide past each other but cause friction and builds pressure and release causes earthquakes.

82
Q

Continental crust contains lots of…

A

Granite

83
Q

Oceanic crust contains lots of

A

Basalt

84
Q

Which type of crust is denser: oceanic or continental?

A

Oceanic crust

85
Q

The high density of oceanic crust causes oceanic plates to sink into the asthenosphere a bit more than…

A

Continental plates

86
Q

Compaction

A

When sediment is deposited in a new location and spreads out to form a layer. As more layers are created, the layers underneath them become squished together.

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