Kag 6 Flashcards
In Wood et al, what is the aim?
To investigate a ‘natural’ tutorial session to gain knowledge about how children respond to different types of help.
In Wood et al, what is the sample?
30 children aged 3-, 4-, or 5-years-old (YO), five boys and five girls in each age group, mainly middle- or lower- middle-class families living within a five-mile radius of Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. The children’s parents responded to ads asking for volunteers (self-selected sample).
In Wood et al, what is the procedure?
1.Each child was tutored individually and sat at a small table with 21 blocks spread out on it.
2.Children had five minutes of free play, then the tutor took two blocks and demonstrated how to join them (each block had a peg and a hole so they fitted together).
3.The tutor gave three possible responses:
•If the child selected blocks and assembled them like the tutor but missed out parts-> tutor said the construction was incomplete, and suggested that the child compares it with the tutor’s and tries to make it similar.
•If the child used the blocks presented by the tutor-> tutor corrected any mistake the child made.
4.The tutor would only intervene if the child stopped building or got into difficulty.
Scoring system
5.Each act of construction was classified as either assisted or unassisted.
6.Tutor interventions were classified into:
•Direct assistance ,e.g tutor indicated blocks toys use.
•Verbal error prompt, e.g Does this look like this?
•Verbal attempt to get the child to make more constructions e.g can you make any more like this?
In Wood et al, what are the conclusions?
Six steps occur during the process of scaffolding (1=recruitment,2=reduction in degrees of freedom, 3=direction maintenance, 4= marking critical features, 5=frustration control, 6= demonstration).
Comprehension precedes production,e.g 3YOs were able to recognise a correct solution before they could provide it but as sensitive as 4YOs to the difference between correct and incorrect constructions.
The tutor plays different roles related to age of the child.
What are the theories of cognitive development?
Piaget’s theory
Vygotsky’s theory
What are the four stages of Piaget’s theory?
Sensorimotor stage-(approximately 0 to 2 years) This includes object permanence- a child realises that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen.
Pre-operational stage-(approximately 2 to 7 years ) children lack consistent logic and make reasoning errors.
Concrete operational stage-(approximately 7 to 11 years) Logical reasoning is used with physical objects only. A child is capable of conversation - understanding that quantity stays constant even if its appearance changes
Formal Operational stage-(approximately 11 years+) Children can now apply logical reasoning to abstract ideas.
What is the researcher for Neighbourhood watch schemes?
Irving Piliavin et al 1969 on subway Samaritans
What is the researcher for ‘Pulling levers’ policing?
David Kennedy
Nature and Nurture
Vygotsky and Piaget both nature and nurture, Vygotsky highlighted the role of expert in the child’s cognitive development, his theory (more than Piaget’s) emphasises the importance of Nurture in the form of social development.
Wilson and Kelling aims
How features of neighbourhoods can influence crime rates.
The changing role of the police in the US.
Strategies for maintaining order.
Crime prevention techniques -
Neighbourhood watch scheme
‘Pulling levers’ policing
