Kady's Quizlet Flashcards
Hyperpolarization
Neuron period of rest (refractory period)
Inside cell is more negative (less than -70 mV)
superior/inferior
above/below
standard anatomical position
standing upright
head faces forward
arms at sides
palms face forward
thumbs pointed outward
feet flat
toes pointed forward
sagittal plane
divides body into left and right
anterior/posterior
front/back
coronal plane
divides into front and back
What type of neurons are auditory neurons?
bipolar
dorsal/ventral
dorsal = top of brain
ventral = bottom of brain
voltage of resting membrane potential
-70 mV
What are the steps of the action potential?
Depolarization, then hyperpolarization (resting period)
Gates open between Schwann cells at the Nodes of Ranvier
All or nothing event!
perilymph
sodium-rich (Na+)
similar to CSF
located in scala vestibuli and scala tympani
endolymphp
potassium-rich (K+)
produced by stria vascularis
in scala media (cochlear duct)
What are the five balance organs?
Anterior/Superior SCC
Posterior SCC
Horizontal/Lateral SCC
Utricle
Saccule
angular acceleration
semicircular canals
linear acceleration
utricle and saccule
Where does CN VIII insert?
pontomedullary junction
or
cerebellopontine angle
What are the structures of the CNS?
brain
brainstem
cerebellum
spinal cord
What are the structures of the PNS?
12 cranial nerves
31 spinal nerves
What is the purpose of nerve cells?
Messenger between the nervous system and the body
What are neurons?
nerve cells
What do neurons do?
Transmit nerve impulses (send signals)
What do neuroglia do?
support neurons
provide nutrients
Name the parts of a neuron
Dendrites
Axon, myelinated
Cell body
What’s the function of the dendrite?
Receive afferent signals
Where do axons originate?
axon hillock of the cell body
What is the function of the synapse?
Site where neurons communicate with other neurons, muscles, or glands
What is the function of myelin?
Supports, protects, and insulates axon
Increases conduction speed of electrical signals (fire faster)
Nodes of Ranvier
gaps in the myelin sheath of a nerve, between adjacent Schwann cells
site of ion gates
What is an internode of neuron?
Area of axon wrapped in myelin
Between Nodes of Ranvier
Nuclei
group of cell bodies in the CNS
ganglion
group of cell bodies in the PNS
What does the brainstem consist of?
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
What is the purpose of the brainstem?
Connects the diencephalon to the spinal cord
Monitors all brain output
What is the tegmental area of the the medulla responsible for?
heartbeat
blood vessels
breathing
Where is the medulla located?
lowest portion of the brainstem
What is located in the pyramidal area of the medulla?
descending motor fibers
What does the pons contain?
cochlear nerve nuclei
reticular formation
direct contact to the cerebellum for vestibular
What is the function of the midbrain?
generates neurotransmitters
What are the important structures of the midbrain?
superior and inferior colliculi
What is the cerebellum’s function?
-equilibrium and coordination
-muscle tone, speed, and range
-integration of motor and vestibular input
superior colliculus
vision
inferior colliculus
projections from ear to brain (ascending)
diencephalon
thalamus and hypothalamus
Where is the medial geniculate body located?
thalamus
What is the function of the basal ganglia?
regulates motor function
muscle tone
(ex: Parkinson’s)
telencephalon
cerebral hemispheres
basal ganglia
corpus callosum
Which are the important Brodmann’s areas?
Areas 41, 22, and 42
grey matter
superficial
unmyelinated cell bodies
white matter
deep
myelinated axons and dendrites
What is the purpose of sulci and gyri?
Increases surface area of the brain
sulci
grooves
gyri
ridges
fissures
deep grooves in the brain
What is the function of the corpus callosum?
connects left and right hemispheres
heavily myelinated
lateral/medial
away from midline / toward midline
contralateral / ipsilateral
opposite side / same side
bilateral/unilateral
both sides / one side
transient
temporary
persistent
lasting
static
unchanging
improving
beginning to resolve
progressive
continue to worsen
acute
over minutes or hours
subacute
over days or weeks
chronic
over months or years
bipolar nerve cell
one dendrite
one axon
auditory nerve (IHC and OHC)
multipolar nerve cell
many dendrites
one axon
CNS to save space
unipolar nerve cell
combination one dendrite/one axon
Type I afferent neurons
heavily myelinated
1:1 ratio on IHC (exclusive relationship)
Type II afferent neurons
innervate multiple OHCs
neuroglial cells
physical support
insulation
nutrients for neurons
NOT PART OF ACTION POTENTIAL
Schwann cells
myelinate axons in the PNS
oligodendroglial cell
myelin in CNS
endoneurium
perineurium
epineurium
layers of connective tissue of a nerve from inferior to exterior
Voltage change required for an action potential
15 mV
depolarization
Na (endolymph) enters the cell
Cell becomes more positive (-55 mV or higher)
congenital age
beginning at conception
gestational age
beginning at start of last menstrual cycle
morphogenesis
development of an organism and its structures
How is morphogenesis achieved?
sparked by gene expression and cell fate determination
How does CNS development begin?
trilaminarization
What is derived from ectoderm?
skin
nervous system
sense organs
What is derived from mesoderm?
skeleton
circulatory system
kidneys
reproductive system
muscles
Embryology:
Weeks 1 and 2
egg is fertilized and divides (blastula)
Embryology:
Day 21
neural groove invaginates toward the notochord
Embryology: Day 22
neural tube closure begins
otic placode forms
Embryology: Day 24
neural tube continues to close
otic placode begins to invaginate
Embryology: Day 25
neural tube is fully closed
Anencephaly and Spina Bifida
Neural tube malformation
Missing brain or incomplete closure of spinal cord
Reduced by folic acid supplement
Revealed through ultrasound
Embryology: Day 27
otic pit forms
When are teratogens most harmful?
weeks 4-9
Which end of the neural tube is the brain?
rostral
What is the prosencephalon?
forebrain
What does the prosencephalon divide into?
telencephalon and diencephalon
What does the mesencephalon develop into?
midbrain
What ist he rhomencephalon?
hindbran
What does the rhombencephalon divide into?
metencephalon and myelencephalon
What does the metencephalon become?
pons and cerebellum
What does the myelencephalon become?
medulla oblongata
Embryology: Week 4
-rostral neural tube divides
-cranial nerve nuclei present (in BAs)
-otic vesicle formed
-“hollow” cochlear duct formed
-branchial arches present
-pharyngeal pouch extends
-primordial ossicles present
Pathology:
Halted cochlear development at Week 4
Common cavity
Pathology:
Malformation of branchial arches I and II
Treacher Collins Syndrome
(inner ear generally unaffected)
Embryology: Week 5
branchial groove I deepens (beginning of EAM)
Embryology: Week 6
-SCC arch-like formations visible
-rudimentary utricle and saccule formed
-ET form from pharyngeal pouch
-tympanic cavity forms (endoderm)
-hillocks of pinna form (BA 1 and 2)
Embryology: Week 7
cochlea has one coil
Embryology: Week 6.5
cochlea begins coiling
SCC is more defined
Pathology:
Halted cochlear development at Week 6
cochlear hypoplasia
Pathology:
Halted cochlear development at Week 7
Incomplete partition/Mondini’s dysplasia
May not affect hearing ability
Auricle movement: Weeks 7-20
superior and lateral movement as face and jaw displaces it
Pathology:
Atypical movement of pinna
Caudal displacement
Goldenhar Syndrome
Embryology: Week 8
EAM sinks toward tympanic cavity with thick epithelium (metal plug)
Mesoderm grows between EAM and tympanic cavity
Pathology:
Halted cochlear development at Week 9
“Normal” structural development, missing internal structures
Embryology: Week 9
Tympanic membrane is forming
Embryology: Weeks 8.5 - 10
incus and malleus complete but still cartilaginous
Embryology: Week 10
-corpus callosom present
-Organ of Corti begins development (3 ducts in cochlea)
-tectorial membrane defined
Pathology: Agenesis
failure of all or part of an organ to develop
under-developed corpus callosum; risk for APD
Embryology: Week 11
hair cells begin developing
How do hair cells develop?
inner before outer
base to apex
afferent before efferent
Embryology: Week 12
afferent nerves on ALL hair cells
stereocilia begin to develop
Embryology: Week 14
all stereocilia present (not adult-like)
Embryology: Week 15
stapes formation is complete but still cartilaginous
Embryology: Week 16
ossification of incus and malleus begins
When is the auricle essentially adult-like?
16-20 weeks (grows until 9 years old)
Embryology: Week 18
ossification of stapes begins
Embryology: Week 19
three layers of tympanic membrane is complete
When is the stapes completely ossified?
adulthood
Embryology: Week 20
-cerebral hemispheres are smooth
-cochlea and vestibular organs are essentially complete
-efferent replace afferent on OHCs
Embryology: Week 22
stereocilia adult-like shapes
Embryology: Week 24
sulci and gyri begin to form
cochlea is fully developed (definition of OoC)
Embryology: Week 26
malleus and incus are completely ossified
When is the EAM completely open?
week 28-30
Embryology: Week 30
cochlear development complete (adult-like hearing)
hydrocephalus
excessive CSF in the brain
microcephaly
significantly reduced skull/brain
Which deformities go together?
outer and middle ear
What is the cochlea derived from?
ectoderm
What is the lining of the middle ear derived from?
endoderm