KA#2 (Ch 8-12) Flashcards
agrarian
to cultivate domesticated crops (217)
industrial economy
an economy that is dependent on the production of material goods intended for the market
wage
money received in return for work (219)
commodification
the process by which goods transition from something a family provided for itself into something bought with a wage (219)
commodity
a thing that can be bought and sold (219)
gendered love/sex binary
a projection of the gender binary onto the ideas of love and sex
sexual double standard
different rules for the sexual behavior of men and women (220)
good girl/bad girl dichotomy
the idea that women who behave themselves sexually are worthy of respect and women who don’t are not (220)
treating
a practice through which a man funds a women’s night on the town (223)
smashing
a term used by college girls in the 1920’s to describe a same-gender crush (224)
patriarch/property marriage
describing a marriage in which a women was entered into the marriage by her father, who owned her until he ‘gave her away’ at the wedding (225)
family wage
an income paid to one man that was large enough to support a home, a wife, and children (226)
housewife marriage
a separate but equal model of marriage that defined men’s and women’s contributions as different but complementary (226)
separate spheres
a masculinized work world and a feminized home life (227)
production
the making of goods for sale (227)
reproduction
the making and nurturing of human beings (227)
cult of domesticity
the notion that women could and should wholeheartedly embrace a particular kind of supportive and loving emotion work (228)
going steady
a practice that emerged in the 1950’s as an alternative to dating in which people engaged in a short-lived, but still exclusive, public pairing off (231)
marriage bans
began in the late 1800s; policies against employing married women (237)
protective legislation
policies designed to protect women and children from exploitation by restricting their workplace participation (237)
service and information economy
an economy that is dependent on jobs focused on providing services for others […] or working with ideas (239)
monogamy
long-term intimate relationships with only one person (240)
polyamory
long-term intimate relationships with more than one partner at a time (240)
open relationships
long-term intimate relationships that allow sexual but not romantic encounters with others (240)
blended families
families that consist of partnered adults with at least one child from a previous relationship (241)
partnership marriage
a model of marriage based on love and companionship between two equals who negotiate a division of labor unique to each couple (241)
hookup culture
an environment in which casual sexual contact is held up as ideal, encouraged with rules or interaction, and institutionalized (245)
mononormative
designed on the assumption that everyone is monogamous (252)
coital imperative
the idea that any sexually active couple must be having penile-vaginal intercourse (also known as ‘coitus’) and any fully completed sexual activity will include it (253)
orgasm gap
a phenomenon in which women who have sex with men report fewer orgasms than men who have sex with women (253)
heterosexual male gaze
reflects the idea that to be sexy is to be an object of desire for others; content is designed to appeal to a hypothetical heterosexual man (254)
sexual subjectification
the process though which men are told what their internal thoughts and feelings should be by being repeatedly exposed to the sexualization of a specific kind of women (254)
sexual objectification
the reduction of a person to their sex appeal (254)
self-objectify
the act of internalizing the idea that your physical attractiveness determines your worth (255)
spectating
watching ones sexual performance from the outside (255)
erotic marketplace
refers to an intersectional ranking of people according to their perceived sexual desirability (255)
mascing
the act of advertising masculine qualities to appear closer to hegemonic masculinity (256)
sexual script
refers to the social rules that guide sexual interaction; culturally derived and often shared sets of instructions for how to have sex (258)
push-and-resist dynamic
a situation in which it’s normal for men to press sexual activity forward and women to stop or slow things down when he goes ‘too far’ (259)
second shift
the work that greets us when we come home from paid work (278)
mental load
the intellectual and emotional work of parenting and household maintenance (279)
concerted cultivation
an organized effort to develop a child with a wide range of skills and talents, with the goal of making sure they get ahead in a fiercely competitive society (279)
intensive mothering
the idea that child-rearing (1) requires ‘copious amounts of time, energy, and material resources’; (2) should take priority over all other interests, desires, and demands; and (3) is the responsibility of mothers specifically (281)
traditionalists
advocates of breadwinner/housewife marriages in which men are responsible for earning income and women are responsible for housework and childcare (285)
neo-traditionalists
advocates of breadwinner/superspouse marriages in which men remain responsible only for earning income and women both work outside the home and retain responsibility for housework and childcare (285)
egalitarians
those who prefer relationships in which all partners share breadwinning, housekeeping, and child-rearing (285)
share
to have each member of the couple to more or less symmetrical amounts of paid and unpaid work (286)
specialize
to split unpaid and paid work so that each partner does more of one than the other (286)
greedy institutions
those that take up incredible amounts of time and energy (e.g., work and family)
dual nurturers
couples who turn away from work and toward the home to focus together on the housework and childcare (286)
domestic outsourcing
paying nonfamily members to do family-related tasks (290)
care chain
a series of nurturing relationships in which the care of children, older adults, or people with disabilities is displaced onto increasingly disadvantaged paid or unpaid carers (291)
integrated mothering
an ideology that promotes women’s work outside the home, financial self-sufficiency, and a network of support (292)
othermothers
women who provide care for the children of friends, family members, and neighbors (292)
otherfathers
men who provide care for the children of friends, family members, and neighbors (292)
extended family
a more expansive family form that includes grandparents aunts, uncles, and friends (293)
working poor
individuals who work but still live in poverty (301)
gender pay gap
the difference between the incomes of the typical man and woman who work full-time (312)
gendered job segregation
the practice of filling occupations with mostly men or mostly women workers (314)
socialization hypothesis
suggests that men and women respond to gender stereotypes when planning, training, and applying for jobs (315)
employer selection hypothesis
proposes that employers tend to prefer men for masculine jobs and women for feminine hobs, slotting applicants into gender-consistent roles during hiring and promotion (316)
selective exit hypothesis
highlights workers’ abandonment of counter-stereotypical occupations (316)
androcentric pay scale
a strong correlation between wages and the gender composition of the job (318)
masculinization of wealth
the concentration of men in high-earning occupations, and their resulting ability to accumulate savings, investments, and assets (318)
emotional labor
the act of controlling one’s own emotions and managing the emotions of others (320)
care work
work that involves face-to-face caregiving of the physical, emotional, and educational needs of others
symbolic threat
the potential degradation of the identity of the dominant group, by the mere presence of someone from the non-dominant group in the same space (329)
glass ceiling
a metaphorical invisible barrier between women and top positions in masculine occupations (330)
glass closet
an invisible place in which sexual minorities hide their identities in order to avoid stigma, suspicion, or censure at work (330)
glass cliff
a heightened risk of failing, compared with similar men (331)
sticky floor
no or low opportunity for promotion (332)
glass escalator
an invisible ride to the top offered to certain men in women-dominated professions (332)
ideal worker norm
the idea that employees should commit their energies to their careers without the distraction of family responsibilities (333)
overwork
working fifty or more hours a week (334)
mommy track
a workplace euphemism that refers to expecting less intense commitment from mothers, with the understanding that they’re sacrificing the right to equal pay, regular raises, or promotions (334)
motherhood penalty
a decrease in wages that accrues to people who become mothers (336)
fatherhood premium
an increase in wages that accrues to some people who become fathers (336)
suffrage
the right to vote (344)
abolitionists
activists in the fight against human slavery (344)
radical claim
an idea that doesn’t (yet) resonate with most members of a population (345)
universal suffrage
the right of all citizens to vote (345)
politics
describes the various activities involved in determining public policies and electing people to guide this process (345)
politics of gender
how people change and resist change to the gender order (345)
intersectional feminist politics
involves fighting all the forces that contribute to women’s oppression, including class inequality, racism, heterosexism, and more (345)
anti-feminist politics
politics that aim to prevent feminist change
feminist utopia
a perfectly gender-egalitarian society (348)
governance
the process of making decisions for the state, enforcing the laws of the land, and – to the extent that a state is a democracy – ensuring the state’s accountability to its citizens (348)
governance of gender
how gender is used to produce distinctions and regulate residents accordingly (348)
gender of governance
who holds political office and how it matters (348)
pro-natal and anti-natal policies
state decisions that encourage or discourage childbearing (349)
reproductive justice
access to the whole range of rights that enables people to choose whether and how to have and raise children (352)
gender-aware policy making
a practice of carefully considering the likely effects of a policy on people of all genders, as well as the intersectional differences among them (352)
equal access
an approach to ending sexism focused on dismantling legal barriers and reducing gender discrimination (353)
equal value
an alternative model that targets androcentrism by raising the value of the feminine to match the value of masculine (353)
equal sharing
a strategy that that attempts to ensure that all people participate equally in positions conventionally understood as masculine and feminine (354)
symbolic representation
an acknowledgment of women’s standing as citizens (355)
legislatures
groups of individuals elected to represent constituents in regulating the affairs of the country (355)
substantive representation
refers to the proposing and passing of policies important and helpful to women (357)
partisan gender gap
a tendency for men and women to align with different political parties (361)
gendered party polarization
a situation in which political parties are divided on gender issues and have asymmetrical levels of women’s representation and support (361)
individualism
a focus on the individual over the group, requiring that people take responsibility for the self and only the self (361)
civic awareness
a focus on the well-being of groups and societies as wholes, requiring that people consider the welfare of others (361)
culture war
a partisan strategy for dividing Americans into those who do and do not support intersectional social justice issues (363)
nationalism
a belief in the superiority of one’s country and its rightful dominance over others and the promotion of exclusionary policies that restrict citizenship by race, ethnicity, or religion (364)
authoritarian
a political system without democratic accountability for how it governs (365)
social movements
collective, nongovernmental efforts to change societies (368)
women’s movements
social movements organized by women for women (369)
