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Gender and Society > KA#2 (Ch 8-12) > Flashcards

KA#2 (Ch 8-12) Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

agrarian

A

to cultivate domesticated crops (217)

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2
Q

industrial economy

A

an economy that is dependent on the production of material goods intended for the market

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3
Q

wage

A

money received in return for work (219)

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4
Q

commodification

A

the process by which goods transition from something a family provided for itself into something bought with a wage (219)

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5
Q

commodity

A

a thing that can be bought and sold (219)

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6
Q

gendered love/sex binary

A

a projection of the gender binary onto the ideas of love and sex

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7
Q

sexual double standard

A

different rules for the sexual behavior of men and women (220)

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8
Q

good girl/bad girl dichotomy

A

the idea that women who behave themselves sexually are worthy of respect and women who don’t are not (220)

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9
Q

treating

A

a practice through which a man funds a women’s night on the town (223)

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10
Q

smashing

A

a term used by college girls in the 1920’s to describe a same-gender crush (224)

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11
Q

patriarch/property marriage

A

describing a marriage in which a women was entered into the marriage by her father, who owned her until he ‘gave her away’ at the wedding (225)

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12
Q

family wage

A

an income paid to one man that was large enough to support a home, a wife, and children (226)

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13
Q

housewife marriage

A

a separate but equal model of marriage that defined men’s and women’s contributions as different but complementary (226)

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14
Q

separate spheres

A

a masculinized work world and a feminized home life (227)

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15
Q

production

A

the making of goods for sale (227)

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16
Q

reproduction

A

the making and nurturing of human beings (227)

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17
Q

cult of domesticity

A

the notion that women could and should wholeheartedly embrace a particular kind of supportive and loving emotion work (228)

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18
Q

going steady

A

a practice that emerged in the 1950’s as an alternative to dating in which people engaged in a short-lived, but still exclusive, public pairing off (231)

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19
Q

marriage bans

A

began in the late 1800s; policies against employing married women (237)

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20
Q

protective legislation

A

policies designed to protect women and children from exploitation by restricting their workplace participation (237)

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21
Q

service and information economy

A

an economy that is dependent on jobs focused on providing services for others […] or working with ideas (239)

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22
Q

monogamy

A

long-term intimate relationships with only one person (240)

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23
Q

polyamory

A

long-term intimate relationships with more than one partner at a time (240)

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24
Q

open relationships

A

long-term intimate relationships that allow sexual but not romantic encounters with others (240)

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25
Q

blended families

A

families that consist of partnered adults with at least one child from a previous relationship (241)

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26
Q

partnership marriage

A

a model of marriage based on love and companionship between two equals who negotiate a division of labor unique to each couple (241)

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27
Q

hookup culture

A

an environment in which casual sexual contact is held up as ideal, encouraged with rules or interaction, and institutionalized (245)

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28
Q

mononormative

A

designed on the assumption that everyone is monogamous (252)

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29
Q

coital imperative

A

the idea that any sexually active couple must be having penile-vaginal intercourse (also known as ‘coitus’) and any fully completed sexual activity will include it (253)

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30
Q

orgasm gap

A

a phenomenon in which women who have sex with men report fewer orgasms than men who have sex with women (253)

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31
Q

heterosexual male gaze

A

reflects the idea that to be sexy is to be an object of desire for others; content is designed to appeal to a hypothetical heterosexual man (254)

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32
Q

sexual subjectification

A

the process though which men are told what their internal thoughts and feelings should be by being repeatedly exposed to the sexualization of a specific kind of women (254)

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33
Q

sexual objectification

A

the reduction of a person to their sex appeal (254)

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34
Q

self-objectify

A

the act of internalizing the idea that your physical attractiveness determines your worth (255)

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35
Q

spectating

A

watching ones sexual performance from the outside (255)

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36
Q

erotic marketplace

A

refers to an intersectional ranking of people according to their perceived sexual desirability (255)

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37
Q

mascing

A

the act of advertising masculine qualities to appear closer to hegemonic masculinity (256)

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38
Q

sexual script

A

refers to the social rules that guide sexual interaction; culturally derived and often shared sets of instructions for how to have sex (258)

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39
Q

push-and-resist dynamic

A

a situation in which it’s normal for men to press sexual activity forward and women to stop or slow things down when he goes ‘too far’ (259)

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40
Q

second shift

A

the work that greets us when we come home from paid work (278)

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41
Q

mental load

A

the intellectual and emotional work of parenting and household maintenance (279)

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42
Q

concerted cultivation

A

an organized effort to develop a child with a wide range of skills and talents, with the goal of making sure they get ahead in a fiercely competitive society (279)

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43
Q

intensive mothering

A

the idea that child-rearing (1) requires ‘copious amounts of time, energy, and material resources’; (2) should take priority over all other interests, desires, and demands; and (3) is the responsibility of mothers specifically (281)

44
Q

traditionalists

A

advocates of breadwinner/housewife marriages in which men are responsible for earning income and women are responsible for housework and childcare (285)

45
Q

neo-traditionalists

A

advocates of breadwinner/superspouse marriages in which men remain responsible only for earning income and women both work outside the home and retain responsibility for housework and childcare (285)

46
Q

egalitarians

A

those who prefer relationships in which all partners share breadwinning, housekeeping, and child-rearing (285)

47
Q

share

A

to have each member of the couple to more or less symmetrical amounts of paid and unpaid work (286)

48
Q

specialize

A

to split unpaid and paid work so that each partner does more of one than the other (286)

49
Q

greedy institutions

A

those that take up incredible amounts of time and energy (e.g., work and family)

50
Q

dual nurturers

A

couples who turn away from work and toward the home to focus together on the housework and childcare (286)

51
Q

domestic outsourcing

A

paying nonfamily members to do family-related tasks (290)

52
Q

care chain

A

a series of nurturing relationships in which the care of children, older adults, or people with disabilities is displaced onto increasingly disadvantaged paid or unpaid carers (291)

53
Q

integrated mothering

A

an ideology that promotes women’s work outside the home, financial self-sufficiency, and a network of support (292)

54
Q

othermothers

A

women who provide care for the children of friends, family members, and neighbors (292)

55
Q

otherfathers

A

men who provide care for the children of friends, family members, and neighbors (292)

56
Q

extended family

A

a more expansive family form that includes grandparents aunts, uncles, and friends (293)

57
Q

working poor

A

individuals who work but still live in poverty (301)

58
Q

gender pay gap

A

the difference between the incomes of the typical man and woman who work full-time (312)

59
Q

gendered job segregation

A

the practice of filling occupations with mostly men or mostly women workers (314)

60
Q

socialization hypothesis

A

suggests that men and women respond to gender stereotypes when planning, training, and applying for jobs (315)

61
Q

employer selection hypothesis

A

proposes that employers tend to prefer men for masculine jobs and women for feminine hobs, slotting applicants into gender-consistent roles during hiring and promotion (316)

62
Q

selective exit hypothesis

A

highlights workers’ abandonment of counter-stereotypical occupations (316)

63
Q

androcentric pay scale

A

a strong correlation between wages and the gender composition of the job (318)

64
Q

masculinization of wealth

A

the concentration of men in high-earning occupations, and their resulting ability to accumulate savings, investments, and assets (318)

65
Q

emotional labor

A

the act of controlling one’s own emotions and managing the emotions of others (320)

66
Q

care work

A

work that involves face-to-face caregiving of the physical, emotional, and educational needs of others

67
Q

symbolic threat

A

the potential degradation of the identity of the dominant group, by the mere presence of someone from the non-dominant group in the same space (329)

68
Q

glass ceiling

A

a metaphorical invisible barrier between women and top positions in masculine occupations (330)

69
Q

glass closet

A

an invisible place in which sexual minorities hide their identities in order to avoid stigma, suspicion, or censure at work (330)

70
Q

glass cliff

A

a heightened risk of failing, compared with similar men (331)

71
Q

sticky floor

A

no or low opportunity for promotion (332)

72
Q

glass escalator

A

an invisible ride to the top offered to certain men in women-dominated professions (332)

73
Q

ideal worker norm

A

the idea that employees should commit their energies to their careers without the distraction of family responsibilities (333)

74
Q

overwork

A

working fifty or more hours a week (334)

75
Q

mommy track

A

a workplace euphemism that refers to expecting less intense commitment from mothers, with the understanding that they’re sacrificing the right to equal pay, regular raises, or promotions (334)

76
Q

motherhood penalty

A

a decrease in wages that accrues to people who become mothers (336)

77
Q

fatherhood premium

A

an increase in wages that accrues to some people who become fathers (336)

78
Q

suffrage

A

the right to vote (344)

79
Q

abolitionists

A

activists in the fight against human slavery (344)

80
Q

radical claim

A

an idea that doesn’t (yet) resonate with most members of a population (345)

81
Q

universal suffrage

A

the right of all citizens to vote (345)

82
Q

politics

A

describes the various activities involved in determining public policies and electing people to guide this process (345)

83
Q

politics of gender

A

how people change and resist change to the gender order (345)

84
Q

intersectional feminist politics

A

involves fighting all the forces that contribute to women’s oppression, including class inequality, racism, heterosexism, and more (345)

85
Q

anti-feminist politics

A

politics that aim to prevent feminist change

86
Q

feminist utopia

A

a perfectly gender-egalitarian society (348)

87
Q

governance

A

the process of making decisions for the state, enforcing the laws of the land, and – to the extent that a state is a democracy – ensuring the state’s accountability to its citizens (348)

88
Q

governance of gender

A

how gender is used to produce distinctions and regulate residents accordingly (348)

89
Q

gender of governance

A

who holds political office and how it matters (348)

90
Q

pro-natal and anti-natal policies

A

state decisions that encourage or discourage childbearing (349)

91
Q

reproductive justice

A

access to the whole range of rights that enables people to choose whether and how to have and raise children (352)

92
Q

gender-aware policy making

A

a practice of carefully considering the likely effects of a policy on people of all genders, as well as the intersectional differences among them (352)

93
Q

equal access

A

an approach to ending sexism focused on dismantling legal barriers and reducing gender discrimination (353)

94
Q

equal value

A

an alternative model that targets androcentrism by raising the value of the feminine to match the value of masculine (353)

95
Q

equal sharing

A

a strategy that that attempts to ensure that all people participate equally in positions conventionally understood as masculine and feminine (354)

96
Q

symbolic representation

A

an acknowledgment of women’s standing as citizens (355)

97
Q

legislatures

A

groups of individuals elected to represent constituents in regulating the affairs of the country (355)

98
Q

substantive representation

A

refers to the proposing and passing of policies important and helpful to women (357)

99
Q

partisan gender gap

A

a tendency for men and women to align with different political parties (361)

100
Q

gendered party polarization

A

a situation in which political parties are divided on gender issues and have asymmetrical levels of women’s representation and support (361)

101
Q

individualism

A

a focus on the individual over the group, requiring that people take responsibility for the self and only the self (361)

102
Q

civic awareness

A

a focus on the well-being of groups and societies as wholes, requiring that people consider the welfare of others (361)

103
Q

culture war

A

a partisan strategy for dividing Americans into those who do and do not support intersectional social justice issues (363)

104
Q

nationalism

A

a belief in the superiority of one’s country and its rightful dominance over others and the promotion of exclusionary policies that restrict citizenship by race, ethnicity, or religion (364)

105
Q

authoritarian

A

a political system without democratic accountability for how it governs (365)

106
Q

social movements

A

collective, nongovernmental efforts to change societies (368)

107
Q

women’s movements

A

social movements organized by women for women (369)

Gender and Society (2 decks)

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