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AH Biology - Unit 1 > KA 1 > Flashcards

KA 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What can present a hazard?

A

Substances, organisms, and equipment in a laboratory

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2
Q

Hazards in the lab include…

A

Toxic or corrosive chemicals, heat or flammable substances, pathogenic organisms, and mechanical equipment.

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3
Q

Hazard, risk, and control of risk in the lab by…

A

Risk assessment

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4
Q

What is risk?

A

The likelihood of harm arising from exposure to a hazard.

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5
Q

Risk assessment involves…

A

Identifying control measures to minimise the risk.

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6
Q

Control measures for risks include…

A

Using appropriate handling techniques, protective clothing and equipment, and aseptic technique.

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7
Q

Dilutions in a linear dilution series differ by?

A

An equal interval, for example 0·1, 0·2, 0·3 and so on.

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8
Q

Dilutions in a log dilution series differ by a?

A

Constant proportion, for example 10-1 , 10-2 , 10-3 and so on.

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9
Q

How can you determine an unknown?

A

Production of a standard curve

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10
Q

Plotting measured values for known concentrations to produce a line or curve allows?

A

The concentration of an unknown to be determined from the standard curve.

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11
Q

Use of buffers to control? Why is this important?

A

pH Addition of acid or alkali has very small effects on the pH of a buffer, allowing the pH of a reaction mixture to be kept constant.

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12
Q

Method and uses of a colorimeter to? And how/why do you do these?

A

Quantify concentration and turbidity
Calibration with appropriate blank as a baseline; use of absorbance to determine concentration of a coloured solution using suitable wavelength filters; use of percentage transmission to determine turbidity, such as cells in suspension.

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13
Q

Use a colorimeter or spectrophotometer to calibrate a?

A

Known solution and determine an unknown using, for example, Bradford protein assay.

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14
Q

Use of centrifuge to separate substances of? How?

A

Differing density More dense components settle in the pellet; less dense components remain in the supernatant.

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15
Q

Paper and thin layer chromatography can be used for…

A

Separating different substances such as amino acids and sugars

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16
Q

The speed that each solute travels along the chromatogram depends on?

A

Its differing solubility in the solvent used. Details of how to carry out these procedures are not required.

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17
Q

A solid matrix or gel column is created with?

A

Specific molecules bound to the matrix or gel. Soluble, target proteins in a mixture, with a high affinity for these molecules, become attached to them as the mixture passes down the column.

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18
Q

Other non-target molecules with a weaker affinity are…

A

Washed out.

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19
Q

Charged macromolecules move through an electric field applied to a?

A

Gel matrix

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20
Q

Use protein electrophoresis to identify?

A

Different muscle proteins.

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21
Q

Native gels separate proteins by their?

A

Shape, size and charge

22
Q

Native gels do not… why?

A

Denature the molecule so that separation is by shape, size and charge.

23
Q

SDS–PAGE separates proteins by?

A

Size alone

24
Q

SDS–PAGE gives all the molecules an equally? Doing what?

A

Negative charge and denatures them, separating proteins by size alone.

25
Q

Proteins can be separated from a mixture using their…

A

Isoelectric points (IEPs)

26
Q

If the solution is buffered to a specific pH what will happen?

A

Only the protein(s) that have an IEP of that pH will precipitate IEP is the pH at which a soluble protein has no net charge and will precipitate out of solution.

27
Q

Proteins can also be separated using their?

A

IEPs in electrophoresis

28
Q

Soluble proteins can be separated using?

A

An electric field and a pH gradient.

29
Q

A protein stops migrating through the gel at its…Because?

A

EP in the pH gradient because it has no net charge.

30
Q

Immunoassay techniques are used to detect and identify?

A

Specific proteins. These techniques use stocks of antibodies with the same specificity, known as monoclonal antibodies.

31
Q

An antibody specific to the protein antigen is linked to a? What is this often?

A

Chemical ‘label’ The ‘label’ is often a reporter enzyme producing a colour change, but chemiluminescence, fluorescence and other reporters can be used.

32
Q

In some cases the assay uses a specific?

A

Antigen to detect the presence of antibodies.

33
Q

Use the ELISA technique to identify the presence of?

A

Specific antigens.

34
Q

Western blotting is a technique used after?

A

SDS–PAGE electrophoresis. The separated proteins from the gel are transferred (blotted) onto a solid medium

35
Q

The proteins can be identified using? What is attached?

A

Specific antibodies that have reporter enzymes attached

36
Q

Bright-field microscopy is commonly used to observe?

A

Whole organisms, parts of organisms, thin sections of dissected tissue or individual cells

37
Q

Fluorescence microscopy uses…

A

Specific fluorescent labels to bind to and visualise certain molecules or structures within cells or tissues

38
Q

Aseptic technique eliminates unwanted? When…

A

Microbial contaminants when culturing microorganisms or cells

39
Q

Aseptic technique involves the?

A

Sterilisation of equipment and culture media by heat or chemical means and subsequent exclusion of microbial contaminants.

40
Q

A microbial culture can be started using an?

A

Inoculum of microbial cells on an agar medium, or in a broth with suitable nutrients

41
Q

Many culture media exist that promote?

A

Growth of specific types of cells and microbes. Culture bacterial, yeast, and algal cells using aseptic technique.

42
Q

Animal cells are grown in medium containing?

A

Growth factors from serum In culture

43
Q

Primary cell lines can divide? What about tumour cell lines?

A

A limited number of times, whereas tumour cells lines can perform unlimited divisions

44
Q

Plating out of a liquid microbial culture on solid media allows the number of?

A

Colonyforming units to be counted and the density of cells in the culture estimated

45
Q

Serial dilution is often needed to achieve?

A

A suitable colony count

46
Q

Growth factors are?

A

Proteins that promote cell growth and proliferation.

47
Q

Growth factors are essential for?

A

The culture of most animal cells.

48
Q

Method and use of haemocytometer to estimate?

A

Cell numbers in a liquid culture

49
Q

Vital staining is required to?

A

Identify and count viable cells

50
Q

Use a haemocytometer to make an?

A

Estimate of cell count

AH Biology - Unit 1 (5 decks)

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