K Flashcards
What is Exogenous Ochronosis associated with?
Usually a history of Hydroquinone usage
Hydroquinone is a skin-lightening agent often linked to this condition.
What are the characteristics of Exogenous Ochronosis?
Harder to distinguish, finely papular, grey black
This condition presents with distinctive skin changes that can mimic other disorders.
What signs should be looked for on systemic examination related to autoimmune diseases?
- Signs of Autoimmune disease
- Signs of Anemia
- Arthritis
- Thyroid disorders
- Etc.
These signs may indicate an underlying autoimmune process.
What should be checked for in a patient with suspected vitiligo?
Underlying malignant melanoma
Patients with vitiligo may have an increased risk of developing melanoma.
What are the key features to confirm the diagnosis of Vitiligo?
- Macules only
- No pustules
- No atrophy
- No scarring
- No telangiectasia
- No scale
These characteristics help differentiate vitiligo from other skin disorders.
What history questions should be asked regarding a patient’s pregnancy?
- Contraception
- Oral and injectable
- Last pregnancy
- Exacerbations in pregnancy
Pregnancy can affect the course of skin conditions like vitiligo.
What conditions should be included in the differential diagnosis for hypo/depigmentation?
- Chemical depigmentation
- Pityriasis versicolor
- Leprosy
- Pityriasis alba
- Post inflammatory hypopigmentation
- Piebaldism
- 2nd Syphilis
- Albinism
These conditions can present similarly to vitiligo and should be considered.
What family history should be inquired about for Acanthosis Nigricans?
- Family history of Auto-immune Disease
- Hyper/Hypo Thyroidism
- Addison’s Disease
- Alopecia Areata
- DM Type I
- Pernicious Anemia
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
Acanthosis Nigricans can have genetic links to various autoimmune conditions.
What is the morphology of vitiligo?
Depigmented macules that are well circumscribed
The morphology helps in identifying vitiligo during examinations.
What is the management advice for a patient with vitiligo?
- Change of contraceptive to non-hormonal
- Sun avoidance & protection
- HQ (max 2%) / Steroids / Retinoid combination cream
- Refer to specialist
- Chemical peels
- Lasers
Management strategies aim to minimize symptoms and improve skin appearance.
What are the differences between piebaldism and vitiligo?
- Lighter pigmentation
- Distribution in right lateral ocular area
- Morphology is depigmented macule
- Well circumscribed
Piebaldism is a genetic condition, while vitiligo is often autoimmune in nature.
What are the typical features of Melasma?
- Hyperpigmented large macules
- Well demarcated
- Symmetrical on the face
- Affecting the cheeks, nose, upper lip, and forehead
Melasma is often triggered by hormonal changes and UV exposure.
What should be examined to confirm the diagnosis of melasma?
- Macules only
- No pustules
- No atrophy
- No scarring
- No telangiectasia
These features help differentiate melasma from other skin conditions.
What management strategies are recommended for vitiligo?
- Not necessary to strictly avoid the sun
- Some sun exposure is good
- Everything in moderation
- Referral to dermatologist
Controlled sun exposure can benefit skin health, but excessive exposure should be avoided.
What investigations are important in managing vitiligo?
- FBC
- TSH
These tests help rule out underlying systemic conditions that may contribute to skin changes.
What treatments are available for vitiligo?
- Topical steroids
- Tacrolimus
- UV light (PUVA)
Treatment options vary based on the severity and extent of the vitiligo.
What environmental factors should be considered in cases of pigmentary disorders?
- UV exposure
- Medication
- Hydroquinone/Exogenous Ochronosis
Environmental factors can exacerbate or trigger pigmentary disorders.
