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PassMed random bits > Just gonna chuck it all in here > Flashcards

Just gonna chuck it all in here Flashcards

1
Q

What substance does GTN spray exert most of its effecton?

A

Calcium

Nitrates cause a decrease in intracellular Calcium

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2
Q

Which vessels are lateral relations of the parathyroid gland?

A

Common carotid arteries

Internal jugular veins

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3
Q

What is the mechanism of action of adenosine?

A

A1 receptor agonist

Acts in the AV node

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4
Q

Which male reproductive component is absent in CF patients?

A

Vas Deferens

Absent in 99% of male CF patients

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5
Q

The marginal artery of the colon (AKA marginal artery of Drummond) connects which two vessels?

A

Superior and inferior mesenteric arteries

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6
Q

What does ticagrelor do?

A

Inhibits ADP binding to platelets

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7
Q

What drug type is clopidogrel?

A

Anti platelet

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8
Q

What are some drugs which should be avoided with warfarin?

A 
Penicillins
Quinolones
Metronidazole
Cephalosporins
Aspirin
Acetaminophen
Ibuprofen
Naproxen
Fluoxetine
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9
Q

What causes prepubertal atrophic vaginitis?

A

Lack of vaginal oestrogen resulting in an infection-prone alkaline environment

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10
Q

Is abdominal pain typical of hyperemesis gravidarum?

A

No

Suggests other GI pathology

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11
Q

Which structure is commonly injured in sports requiring explosive bending of the knee?

A

Biceps femoris tendon

Pain may start in posterior aspect of thigh then localise in lateral aspect of knee

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12
Q

Why is FBC so important while on aminosalicylates like mesalazine?

A

Check for haematological adverse effects like agranylocytosis

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13
Q

How does terlipressin work?

A

Constriction of splanchnic vessels

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14
Q

Why should metoclopramide be avoided in bowel obstruction?

A

Promotes gastric emptying

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15
Q

How does UC progress?

A

Progressive distal to proximal manner

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16
Q

Where do the ureters lie?

A

Anterior to L2 to L5

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17
Q

What would you expect to find on a blood test for chronic fatigue syndrome?

A

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a diagnosis of exclusion, so routine blood tests should be normal

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18
Q

Which syndrome is associated with gout?

A

Lesch-Nyhan

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19
Q

Which nerve is affected in tingling in thumb, middle and index fingers?

A

Median

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20
Q

What is a complication of RA which may present with enlarged cheeks, dry mouth and early signs of bronchiectasis on CT?

A

Sjorgen’s syndrome

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21
Q

What is Onuf’s nucleus and where is it found?

A

Group of neurons located in anterior horn in sacral nerve roots
Maintains micturation, defecatory continence and helps muscular contraction during orgasm

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22
Q

What is olecranon bursitis?

A

“Student’s elbow”
Gradual onset hot, tender, elbow swelling with soft fluctuant mass on posterior elbow
Caused by prolonged pressure, trauma or RA

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23
Q

What causes winged scapula?

A

Paralysis of serratus anterior

Also affects arm abduction

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24
Q

Which anti-hypertensives should be avoided in gout patients?

A

Thiazides

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25
Q

What is a good anti-hypertensive for hypertensive patients with gout?

A

Losartan

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26
Q

What is the most likely cause of a third nerve palsy presenting with headache/pain?

A

Posterior communicating artery aneurysm

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27
Q

What is the ice test for myaesthenia gravis?

A

Ice held on dropping eyelid for about 2 mins

Ptosis is relieved for a bit

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28
Q

Does myasthenia gravis affect the pupil?

A

No

MG classically presents with ptosis, fatigability and can be assessed with the ice test

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29
Q

Would a patient with an UMN facial palsy be able to wrinkle their whole forehead?

A

Yes

UMN facial palsies spare the upper face i.e. forehead

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30
Q

Do LMN facial palsies affect the forehead?

A

Yes

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31
Q

What is an antiemetic used to promote gastric emptying?

A

Metoclopramide

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32
Q

How does cyclizine work?

A

Blocks histamine and muscarinic receptors in the vomiting centre

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33
Q

Which cancers are screened for in Scotland?

A

Bowel
Breast
Cervical

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34
Q

What is the most superficial structure on the parotid gland?

A

Facial nerve

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35
Q

Where do most appendixes lie?

A

Retrocaecal position

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36
Q

What is the most common kind of lung cancer?

A

Adenocarcinoma

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37
Q

How does the deep inguinal ring relate to the epigastric vessels?

A

It is lateral to them

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38
Q

What is the medial longitudinal fasciculus?

A

Set of crossed fibres with ascending and descending fibres
Links the three main nerves which control eye movements, i.e. the oculomotor, trochlear and the abducent nerves, as well as the vestibulocochlear nerve

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39
Q

What is a possible complication of polycystic kidney disease which could present with severe headache?

A

Cerebral aneurysm

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40
Q

What is the substrate of renin?

A

Angiotensinogen

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41
Q

Which aberrant electric pathway is associated with AF?

A

Between the pulmonary veins and the left atrium may overwhelm the regular impulses from the sinus node

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42
Q

How does Ehlers-Danlos syndrome usually present?

A 
Skin hyperelasticity
Joint hypermobility
Increased tendency to bruise
Abnormal scarring
Collagen III affected
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43
Q

Which venous plexus do parathyroid veins drain into?

A

Thyroid plexus

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44
Q

What is the preferred option of delivery for a fetus in transverse lie?

A

C section

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45
Q

Is smoking protective against any kinds of cancer?

A

Endometrial

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46
Q

How does menopause affect FSH, LH and oestrogen?

A

High FSH
High LH
Low oestrogen

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47
Q

What abdominal examination finding is consistent with right sided heart failure?

A

Pulsatile liver edge

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48
Q

Where is a femoral hernia likely to be found?

A

Neck of the hernia usually inferior and lateral to pubic tubercle

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49
Q

What does the umbilical vein become after birth?

A

Ligamentum teres

Round ligament of liver

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50
Q

What is the 4th heart sound caused by?

A

Atria contracting forcefully in an effort to overcome an abnormally stiff ventricle

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51
Q

Which nerve supplies the epricardium?

A

Phrenic nerve

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52
Q

What is Wallerian degenration?

A

Active process of degeneration that results when a nerve fibre is cut or crushed and the part of the axon distal to the injury degenerates

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53
Q

What separates the PCL from the popliteal artery?

A

Oblique popliteal ligament

54
Q

What is IgA nephropathy?

A

Haematuria
Dysuria
Hypertension
Results from immune complex deposition in the glomeruli

55
Q

How does acute pancreatitis present?

A 
Acute abdominal pain in epigastric region
High HR
Low BP
Blue discolouration of flank regions
Increased serum amylase
56
Q

How do bisphosphonates like risedronate affect osteoporosis?

A

Inhibit osteoclasts to reduce bone resorption

57
Q

Damage to which nerve is usually associated with hoarseness or a croaky voice?

A

Recurrent laryngeal

58
Q

Which lobe contains Wernicke’s area?

A

Temporal

59
Q

What separates the endothelial cells of the tunica intima in blood vessels?

A

Gap junctions

60
Q

What separates the tunica media smooth muscle layer from the tunica intima in blood vessels?

A

Internal elastic lamina

61
Q

What separates the tunica media and tunica adventitia in blood vessels?

A

External elastic lamina

62
Q

What is contained in the cavernous sinus?

A 
Occulomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Opthalmic nerve
Maxillary nerve
Internal carotid artery
Abducent nerve
63
Q

What is autonomic dysreflexia?

A

Spinal cord injury T6 OR ABOVE

Brings on excessively high BP

64
Q

Nicorandil is sometimes considered as an alternative when CCB’s aren’t tolerated. How does it work?

A

Vasodilation through activation of guanylyl cyclase which results in increased cGMP

65
Q

What is cGMP?

A

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is a cyclic nucleotide derived from guanosine triphosphate (GTP)
Acts as a second messenger much like cyclic AMP

66
Q

How does nausea affect gastric acid secretion?

A

Decreases it via higher cerebral activity and sympathetic innervation

67
Q

What are some expected histological findings 3-14 days post MI?

A

Macrophages and granulation tissue at margins

High risk of free wall rupture, papillary muscle rupture

68
Q

High risk of free wall rupture 3-14 days post MI can lead to what?

A

Mitral regurgitation

69
Q

Which structure separates the intervertebral discs of the spinal cord?

A

Posterior longitudinal ligament

70
Q

What kind of cyst me be lined by hair and squamous epithelium?

A

Dermoid cyst

71
Q

What is contained in the adductor canal?

A

Saphenous nerve

Superficial branch of the femoral artery

72
Q

Which is the weight bearing bone of the forearm?

A

Radius

73
Q

Where is the most likely sight of fracture in a fall onto outstretched hand?

A

Distal shaft of radius

74
Q

Which organism most commonly causes septic arthritis?

A

Staph Aureus

75
Q

What is the most common cause of death in RA patients?

A

Coronary heart disease

RA thought to cause increased risk of atherosclerotic disorders

76
Q

How does acanthosis nigricans present?

A

Areas of darkened and thickened skin in the axillary creases
Commonly associated with obesity. Cushing’s syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome
Also associated with some drugs like nicotinic acid, insulin and corticosteroids

77
Q

What is a good blood test for SLE?

A

Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA)

Over 99% of SLE patients are ANA positive so it’s a good rule out test

78
Q

What is Froment’s test?

A

Pinching paper from the table

Tests for palsy of adductor pollicus of the thumb and so function of the ulnar nerve

79
Q

What is an adverse effect of denosumab?

A

Hypocalcaemia

80
Q

What kind of tumour is associated with vinyl chloride which workers may be exposed to in big factories?

A

Angiosarcoma

81
Q

How does vincristine (chemo drug) work?

A

Inhibits formation of microtubules

Microtubules separate chromosomes during cell division

82
Q

What skin condition presents with tear drop plaques?

More common in teens

A

Guttate psoriasis

83
Q

Which condition commonly presents with small pustules on palms and soles?

A

Palmo-plantar psoriasis

84
Q

Which variation of psoriasis presents with well-defined plaques on extensor surfaces?

A

Chronic plaque psoriasis

85
Q

Where does flexural psoriasis most commonly occur?

A

Axillae
Sub-mammary
Groin

86
Q

What derm condition tends to present with deep red colour all over

A

Erythrodermic psoriasis

87
Q

What causes anaemia during pregnancy?

A

Haemodilution due to increased plasma volume

88
Q

Which cancer is associated with elevated serum HCG?

A

Choriocarcinoma

Also associated with feeling hot, vaginal bleeding, recent pregnancy

89
Q

Which salivary glands produce most of the saliva?

A

Submandibular

70%

90
Q

Which obstetric emergency is increased risk with gestational diabetes and macrosomia?

A

Shoulder dystocia

Obstructed labour

91
Q

Which virus causes plantar warts?

A

HPV

Presents with a warty lesion with a black dot in the middle

92
Q

What is the most common cause of PPH?

A

Uterine atony

93
Q

Which hormone is responsible for the secretion of milk by alveolar epithelial cells of the breast?

A

Prolactin

94
Q

How does Perthes disease present?

A

Knee pain
Antalgic gait
Apparent right leg shortening
Flattening of femoral head

95
Q

What is contained in the rectus sheath?

A

Pyramidalis
Superior epigastric artery and vein
Inferior epigastric artery and vein
Rectus abdominis

96
Q

What is celecoxib?

A

Reversible COX-2 inhibitor

NSAID

97
Q

What is a common adverse effect of thiazides?

A

Hyponatraemia

98
Q

Where are venous ulcers usually distributed?

A

Gaiter area

99
Q

Can patients with an incomplete neck of femur fracture weight bear?

A

Yeah maybe

100
Q

Is low body weight as risk factor for osteoporosis?

A

Yes

101
Q

Which nerve innervates biceps brachii?

A

Musculocutaneous nerve

Elbow flexion is affected when this nerve is damaged

102
Q

Which stage of menstruation is indicated by a slight rise in body temperature?

A

Luteal

Body temperature rises following ovulation

103
Q

What is a good rule out test for SLE?

A

ANA

Over 99% of SLE patients are ANA positive

104
Q

How does vasa praevia present?

A

Fresh PV bleeding following membrane rupture

Foetal heart abnormalities like bradycardias and deceleration

105
Q

Which nerve is at risk during submandibular gland excision?

A

Marginal mandibular nerve

106
Q

How does antidiuretic hormone work?

A

Promotes water reabsorption by the insertion of aquaporin-2 channels

107
Q

How does pes anserinus bursitis present?

A

Often in athletes due to overuse
Pain in medial proximal tibia
Pain when climbing stairs
Sartorius, gracilis and semitendinosus tendons inserting into the anteromedial proximal tibia affected

108
Q

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is associated with what kind of anaemia?

A

Warm autoimmune haemolytic anaemia

109
Q

Which nerve is most likely affected by anterior compartment syndrome in the lower leg?

A

Deep peroneal

110
Q

What is the most common cause of heel pain in adults?

A

Plantar fasciitis

111
Q

Which nodes receive lymph drainage from the scrotum?

A

Superficial inguinal

112
Q

What kind of blood cells are affected by thymus problems such as failure of development in DiGeorge syndrome?

A

T lymphocytes

113
Q

What kind of cancer is associated with low neutrophil count?

A

Acute myeloid leukaemia

Neutrophils are derived from common myeloid progenitor cells

114
Q

Which artery is used in coronary artery bypass surgery?

A

Internal thoracic artery

AKA internal mammary artery

115
Q

Which deficiency is associated with an anaphylactic response to blood products?

A

Selective IgA deficiency

116
Q

How does tranexamic acid work?

A

Anti-fibrinolytic

Binds plasminogen and prevents plasmin from breaking down fibrin clots

117
Q

What is the commonest childhood malignancy?

A

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia

ALL

118
Q

What condition may be a side effect of hydralazine?

A

Drug induced lupus

119
Q

Which vitamin is noticeably lacking in breast milk?

A

Vitamin K

120
Q

Which is the most common leukaemia in adults?

A

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia

CLL

121
Q

Hoe does multiple myeloma cause hypercalcaemia?

A

Increased osteoclast activity in response to cytokines released by myeloma cells

122
Q

What kind of tumour do s-100 markers indicate?

A

Melanoma

Schwannoma

123
Q

Which pathogen causes erysipelas?

A

Strep pyogenes

124
Q

How does rivaroxaban work?

A

Direct factor Xa inhibitor

125
Q

Which nerve palsy is indicated by “waiters tip” from upper trunk brachial plexus injury?

A

Erb’s Palsy

126
Q

What is “waiters tip” as indicated for Erb’s palsy?

A

Medial rotation of the arm with wrist flexion

127
Q

Injury to the lower trunk of the brachial plexus causes which palsy?

A

Klumpke’s

Mainly affects intrinsic muscles of the hand resulting in claw hand

128
Q

What is a major target for cANCA, causing autoimmune vasculitis?

A

Serine proteinase 3

129
Q

Which blood vessel, lying between the sub-mandibular gland and mandible, is most at risk during sub-mandibular gland excision?

A

Facial artery

130
Q

How does azathioprine work?

A

Its metabolite inhibits purine synthesis

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