Just a whole bunch of crap to know... Flashcards
1
Q
The space between the clear cornea and the opaque iris.
A
Anterior chamber
2
Q
T/F There are no structures within the anterior chamber
A
TRUE
3
Q
The space between the iris and the vitreous chamber.
A
Posterior chamber
4
Q
What lies within the posterior chamber?
A
The lens and zonular fiber
5
Q
What is the main function of the anterior chamber?
A
Light diffraction or bending
6
Q
What are the zonular fibers responsible for?
A
They attach the equator of the lens to the ciliary body
7
Q
What important structure is located on the posterior internal surface of the vitreous chamber?
A
Retina
8
Q
What two sets of muscles lie within the iris?
A
Pupillary constrictor muscle, and pupillary dilator muscle
9
Q
T/F The two pupillary type muscles are under somatic control.
A
FALSE. Both are under autonomic control. The constrictor is governed by parasympathetic control and the dilator by sympathetic control
10
Q
T/F Most diffraction occurs in the pupil.
A
FALSE. It is just a hole for light to travel through.
11
Q
What is responsible for focusing the light on the retina?
A
Lens
12
Q
T/F Retinal fields are inverted from visual fields
A
TRUE
13
Q
Where does initial photo transduction occur as well as the initial steps in visual system processing?
A
Retina
14
Q
The two most obvious features of the retina when examined are…
A
The optic disc and macula
15
Q
On the opposite pole of the lens in the eye globe lies the…
A
Macula
16
Q
Lying inside the borders of the macula, this small spot is exactly where the center of our vision is focused
A
Fovea
17
Q
T/F The macula and fovea lack visible blood vessels and appear yellow
A
TRUE
18
Q
The “blind spot” coincides with what physical landmark in the eye?
A
Optic disk
19
Q
Another name for “blind spot” is…
A
Scotoma
20
Q
T/F The optic nerve arises from oligodentrocytes and NOT Schwann cells and is particularly affected by MS
A
TRUE
21
Q
Increased ICP within the ____ cranial fossa will be transmitted along the dural sleeve containing the optic nerve and cause papilla edema or the bulging of the optic nerve into the eye
A
Middle
22
Q
Lying deep to the sclera (white) and choroid (vascular) layer of the eyes is the ____
A
Retinal pigmented epithelium
23
Q
T/F The retinal pigmented epithelium is one cell layer thick and black to absorb light at the expense of sensitivity (in humans)
A
TRUE
24
Q
T/F In animals who are nocturnal the retinal pigmented epithelium is reflective to reflect light back and improve night vision.
A
TRUE
25
What is responsible for cleaning up and recycling the outer segments of photo receptors?
Retinal pigmented epithelium
26
Age related macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa are thought to be associated with problems with the...
Recycling of photo receptors by the retinal pigmented epithelium
27
There are no (rods/cones) in the macular region of the retina
Rods
28
cones are to color as rods are to____
Black and white
29
What are the two main functions of the interneuron cell layer?
Communicating electrical signals between the photoreceptors and the retinal ganglion and to provide "contrast detection".
30
What are the first "true" neurons in the visual system?
Retinal ganglion
31
T/F All retinal ganglion receive their light energy directly from photo receptors.
FALSE. Though 99% do, there are some on the periphery that have their own photopigment and can detect higher light intensities.
32
Axons from where form the optic nerve and optic tract?
The retinal ganglion cells
33
What target of the retinal ganglion cells involve vision.
Lateral geniculate nucleus
34
A small number of axons don't make it past the optic chiasm but instead leave and go straight into the ____ nucleus of the ____
Suprachiasmic, hypothalamus
35
T/F It takes strong light intensities to reset our internal clock because the axons reaching the suprachiasmic nucleus originate in the lateral retinal ganglion cells and have their own photo pigment.
TRUE
36
The axons responsible for activating the recto-spinal tract in visual reflexes synapse in the ____
Superior colliculus
37
T/F Most axons of the retinal ganglion cells lead to the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus
TRUE
38
Where does the "combining" of axons of the retinal ganglion cells take place?
Optic chiasm
39
T/F Only neurons from the temporal halves of each retina cross over in the optic chiasm.
FALSE. Only those on the nasal half of each retina cross over
40
T/F The information carried by the optic nerves of each eye are identical to the information carried by the optic tracts of each eye.
FALSE
41
The right optic tract carries information from ____ and the ____ visual field.
Both eyes, contralateral (left)
42
A pt is looking at car head on…he sees the entire car with his left eye but nothing with his right eye. He may have a problem with his right optic ____
Nerve
43
A pt is looking at a car head on…he sees most of the car with both eyes except he can't see the left side mirror or left front headlight with either eye. He may have a problem with his right optic ____
Tract
44
Homonymous hemianopsia is associated with damage to the entire optic ____
Tract
45
Homonymous refers to the same visual field missing in both eyes and is usually associated with damage posterior to the optic ____
Chiasm
46
Hemianopsia = loss of ____ in ____ the visual field.
Vision, half
47
Heteronymous visual field deficits are usually associated with damage to the optic ____
Chiasm
48
Visual field deficits that are opposite in each eye is referred to as ____
Heteronymous
49
A pt presents with a "tunnel vision" to where he can't see laterally in either eye. Damage to the optic ____ could cause this.
Chiasm. The nasal portions of each eye (responsible for lateral vision) cross in the optic chiasm. If this is damaged centrally, then the crossing nasal fibers would be affected and lateral perception in each eye would be inhibited.
50
A tumor where could cause "tunnel vision".
Pituitary gland lying just inferior to the optic chasm
51
Each LGN processes information from the ____ half of the ____ retina as well as the ____ half of the ____ retina or in other words the right LGN processes information from the left visual fields of both eyes and the left LGN processes information from the right visual fields of both eyes.
Temporal, ipsilateral, nasal, contralateral
52
V1 is also known as the ____
Primary visual cortex
53
Of the brain, visual fibers are NOT found in the ____ lobe
Frontal
54
T/F Visual fibers are NOT found in the brain stem, cranial nerves (other than CN II), cerebellum, or spinal cord.
TRUE
55
The upper RETINAL field (inferior visual field) is perceived in the ____ lobe ____ gyrus
Parietal, Cuneus
56
The lower RETINAL field (superior visual field) is perceived in the ____ lobe ____ gyrus
Meyers loop of the temporal lobe, Lingual
57
Retinal ganglion cell axons responsible for circadian rhythm go to the ____
Hypothalamus
58
Retinal ganglion cell axons responsible for vision go to the ____
Lateral geniculate nucleus
59
Retinal ganglion cell axons responsible for visual reflexes go through the ____
Superior colliculus
60
Retinal ganglion cell axons responsible for pupillary light reflexes go through the ____
Superior colliculus
61
Monocular scotoma in the right upper nasal visual field = problem where?
Right lateral retinal field
62
Monocular blindness in the right eye = problem where?
Right optic nerve
63
Bitemporal hemianopia (hemianopsia) = problem where?
Optic chiasm
64
Left sided homonymous hemianopia = problem where?
Right optic tract
65
Left sided superior quadrantanopia = problem where?
Right Meyer's loop or lower bank of calcarine fissure.
66
Left sided inferior quadrantanopia = problem where?
Right optic radiation or upper bank of calcarine fissure.
67
If the problem is in one eye’s visual field, but not the other eye’s field, then the problem is ____ the optic chiasm
Anterior to
68
If the problem is in both eyes, and in roughly the same position in both visual fields, then the problem is ____ the optic chiasm
Posterior to
69
If the problem is in both eyes, but in opposite positions in both visual fields, then the problem is ____ the optic chasm
At
70
A pt has a lesion in the parietal lobe that is pressing out laterally and into the lower left temporal lobe…this could cause a problem with the ____ pathway and not all to pt to perceive ____
"What", visual form agnosia or color (achromatopsia)
71
A pt has a lesion in the parietal lobe that is pressing upward…this could cause a problem with the ____ pathway and not all to pt to perceive ____
"Where", visual movement agnosia
72
Raising eyelids = Somatic or Visceral Motor?
Somatic
73
Constriction of the pupil = Somatic or Visceral Motor?
Visceral
74
Focusing of the lens = Somatic or Visceral Motor?
Visceral
75
Extraocular muscle control = Somatic or Visceral Motor?
Somatic
76
T/F Saccades require a visual target while pursuit movements of the eyes do not.
FALSE. The opposite.
77
The CNS center for lateral gaze
Pons
78
The CNS center for vertical gaze
Rostral midbrain
79
The CNS center for mergence
Rostral midbrain
80
The CNS center for accommodation
Rostral midbrain
81
Parasympathetics via the ____ nerve control pupillary ____ muscles, causes pupillary ____ and causes lens ____ and ____ vision
Oculomotor, constrictor, constriction, thickening, near
82
Sympathetics via the ____ plexus control pupillary ____ muscles, causes pupillary ____ and causes ____ muscle to ____ eyelids
Carotid, dilator, dilation, tarsus, raising
83
From the lateral geniculate nucleus, information is then sent to the ____, also known as V1, which is housed in the ____ flanking the ____ sulcus of the ____ occipital lobe. But they have to take a round-about way because the the ____ and ____ horn of the ____ ventricles lie in between the LGN and V1.
Primary visual cortex, cerebral cortex, calcarine, medial, atrium, occipital horn
84
Thalamocortical axons traveling superior to the lateral ventricles pass through the white matter of the ____ lobe and contact V1 cortical neurons ____ to the calcarine sulcus in the ____ gyrus.
Parietal, superior, cuneus
85
Thalamocortical axons traveling inferior to the lateral ventricles pass through the white matter of the ____ lobe and contact V1 cortical neurons ____ to the calcarine sulcus in the ____ gyrus.
Temporal, inferior, lingual
86
How would damage to the fibers of the left cuneus gyrus present?
Contralateral (right) inferior quadrantanopsia. The fibers that travel here are associated with the fibers from the inferior visual fields.
87
How would damage to the fibers of the left lingual gyrus present?
Contralateral (right) superior quadrantanopsia. The fibers that travel here are associated with the fibers from the superior visual fields.
88
3 L's = pie in the sky! What are the L's?
Lower (fields), Meyer's Loop, Lingual gyrus.
89
V1
Primary visual cortex
90
V2
Secondary visual cortex
91
V3, V4, V5
Form, color, movement
92
Someone shows you a red cube…you can see that it's red against the background but can't perceive that it's a cube.
V3 problem
93
Someone shows you a red cube…you can see it's a cube…but not that it's red
V4 problem
94
Someone can see the red object…they can see it's a red cube…but cannot see the red cube moving fluidly through the air in motion but rather sees it in a series of still images.
V5 problem
95
Prosopagnosia
Cannot recognize a persons face. Associated with a visual cortex higher than those of V3, V4, or V5
96
Lateral rectus muscle of the eye is innervated by...
Abducens nerve (CN VI)
97
Superior oblique muscle of the eye is innervated by...
Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
98
Inferior oblique, medial rectus, superior rectus, inferior rectus muscles of the eye are innervated by...
Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
99
Which two eye muscles associated with ocular movement have only one action?
Medial and lateral rectus muscles
100
On the right eye…to test specific muscle function…looking up and lateral tests ____, looking up and medial tests ____, looking directly lateral tests ____, looking directly medial tests ____, looking down and lateral tests ____, and looking down and medial tests ____.
Superior rectus, inferior oblique, lateral rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, superior oblique
101
The trochlear nucleus associated with the ____ muscle of the eye is located within the ____
SO, midbrain
102
The abducens nucleus associated with the ____ muscle of the eye is located within the ____
LR, pons
103
Internuclear neurons are found within the ____ nucleus
Abducens
104
The LMN's that innervated the levator palpebrae superioris reside within the ____
Oculomotor nuclear complex
105
The LMN's controlling the extraocular muscles receive input from ____ within the midbrain and pons rather than from ____ in the cerebral cortex
Motor pattern generators, UMN's
106
There are how many motor pattern generators involved in the coordination of the eyes?
3. Two in the midbrain and one in the pons
107
The "center for vertical gaze" is located within the ____
Midbrain
108
The "center for horizontal gaze" is located within the ____
Pons
109
The "center for accommodation" is located within the ____
Midbrain
110
The highly myelinated fiber tracts that are responsible for coordinating all of the communication between the eyes so that they eyes move together.
Medial longitudinal fasciculi
111
Asking a person to glance at a stationary object in the distance and to their right will require a convergent ____ eye movement. These are very (fast/slow)
Saccadic, fast
112
T/F It is possible to carry out a slow pursuit eye movement without a target so long as the movement is slow enough.
FALSE
113
T/F The center for horizontal gaze is responsible for saccadic and slow pursuit movements in the horizontal plane.
TRUE
114
Another name for the center for horizontal gaze is the ____
Paramedian pontine reticular formation
115
What is located directly adjacent to the abducens nucleus in the pons?
Paramedian pontine reticular formation
116
To move the eyes horizontally to the right in a conjugated way…the 1st pathway of the PPRF neurons is to go to the ____ of the right ____ nucleus which then send their axons to the right ____ nerve to innervate the right ____ muscle causing the right eye to rotate to the right.
LMN's, abducens, abducens, lateral rectus
117
To move the eyes horizontally to the right in a conjugated way…the 2nd pathway of the PPRF neurons is to go to the ____ neurons of the right ____ nucleus which then send their axons to the ____ ____ to innervate the left ____ subnucleus within the ____ nucleus. They then innervate the ____ ____ muscle causing the left eye to rotate to the right.
Internuclear, abducens, left MLF, medial rectus, oculomotor, left medial rectus,
118
____ neurons activated by the PPRF are responsible for deactivating antagonistic muscles of the eyes
Inhibitory
119
If the right PPRF is activated it causes (right/left) horizontal eye movement.
Right
120
Right PPRF stimulation of the left abducens nucleus (excites/inhibits)
Inhibits = inhibition of left lateral rectus = moves eye toward right
121
Right PPRF stimulation of the left oculomotor neuron (excites/inhibits)
Excites = excitation of left eye medial rectus = moves eye toward the right
122
Right PPRF stimulation of the left PPRF (excites/inhibits)
Inhibits = turns down it's function of pulling both eyes to the left through the same mechanisms.
123
The center for vertical gaze and for accommodation lie in the ____ and control ocular motor nuclei on both sides of the brain stem via the ____
Midbrain, MLF
124
The right cortical areas (2) responsible for voluntary horizontal eye movement controls ____ eye movements toward the (right/left)
Conjugate, left (contralateral side)
125
The left cortical areas (2) responsible for voluntary horizontal eye movement controls ____ eye movements toward the (right/left)
Conjugate, right (contralateral side)
126
One set of cortical areas is found in the frontal lobe and are responsible for ____
Contralateral conjugate eye movements of the saccadic type
127
One set of cortical areas is found in the ____ near the junction of the ____ and ____ lobes and is responsible for the contralateral conjugate eye movements of the slow pursuit type.
Middle temporal gyrus, temporal, occipital
128
To initiate saccadic movements to the right, UMN's in the (right/left) ____ eye field initiates the activity by making synaptic contact with ____ neurons in the (right/left) ____ colliculus. The ____ neurons then send their axons across the midline to activate fast burst neurons in the (right/left) ____ causing the eyes to move saccadically to the right.
Fontal, relay, left, superior, relay, PPRF
129
The two synaptic targets of the parasympathetic fibers in CN III are the ____ and ____ muscles within the ____
Ciliary, pupillary constrictor, iris
130
The ciliary and pupillary constrictor muscles are innervated by ____ neurons within the ____ ganglion which in turn is innervated by preganglionic ____ neuron cell bodies in the ____ nucleus
Parasympathetic, ciliary, parasympathetic, Edinger-Westphal
131
Where are the edinger-westphal nuclei?
Adjacent to the oculomotor nuclei of the rostral midbrain
132
The lens is "flattened" due to pull from ____ fibers
Zonular
133
Contraction of the ciliary muscles (thicken/thin) the lens.
Thicken
134
The ciliary muscle lies within the ciliary body and is attached to the lens via the ____ fibers
Zonular
135
T/F You're eyes get more "tired" when you try to look at things way off in the distance
FALSE. Ciliary muscles tire when they constrict…not when they relax. Distant site is associated with relaxed ciliary muscles. Your eyes tire when you look at things up close…when they are constricted.
136
T/F Focusing of the lens is strictly a parasympthathetic phenomena
TRUE
137
Excitation of the pupillary constrictor muscle causes the pupils to get (smaller/bigger)
Smaller
138
T/F The parasympathetic control of the ciliary muscles is NOT opposed by sympathetic antagonism while the parasympathetic control of pupillary constrictor muscles ARE opposed by sympathetic antagonism.
TRUE
139
The sympathetic ganglion for ALL structures in the head is the ____ ganglion near the ____ of the ____
Superior cervical, angle, jaw
140
The antagonist of the pupillary constrictor muscle.
Pupillary dilator muscle…duh
141
How are the pupillary dilator muscles oriented?
Radially around the pupil. Thus, when they contract, they PULL the pupil wider.
142
What is the superior tarsal muscle attached to?
Posteriorly to the LPS muscle and anteriorly to the tarsal plate within the upper eyelid
143
Which is it? The levator palpebrae superioris or the superior tarsal muscle that is under voluntary control?
Levator palpebrae superioris
144
What muscle assists with the eyelid raising through sympathetic stimulation?
Superior tarsal muscle
145
Horner's syndrome triad
Ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis
146
Unilateral deficiency of the sympathetic NS subserving the head
Horner's syndrome
147
A pt presents with a constricted pupil, drooping eyelid, and a lack of perspiration on the face…all on the same side
Horner's syndrome
148
Pupillary light reflex tests CN ____ and ____
II, III
149
The afferent limb of pupillary light reflex is carried by the ____ nerve while the efferent limb of pupillary light reflex is carried by the ____ nerve
Optic, oculomotor
150
Activation of what nuclei in each eye are directly responsible for pupillary constriction
Edinger-Wesphal
151
Damage to what might cause diplopia with certain eye movements but will not cause strabismus, ptosis, or pupillary abnormalities?
Trochear nerve
152
Damage to what might cause both eyes to deviate toward the damaged side with an inability to carry out saccadic movements toward the damaged side?
Frontal eye fields
153
T/F Overactivity of the frontal eye fields may cause both eyes to deviate toward the NON-damaged side with an inability to carry out saccadic movements toward the NON-damaged side.
TRUE
154
Damage to what might cause diplopia and an inability to carry a horizontal gaze to the damaged side but will not cause strabismus, ptosis, or pupillary abnormalities?
MLF
155
Damage to what may cause ipsilateral lateral strabismus, diplopia, ipsilateral pupillary dilation, ipsilateral ptosis, and paralysis of the ipsilateral eye.
Oculomotor nerve
156
Damage to what may cause ipsilateral medial strabismus, diplopia, but no ptosis or pupillary abnormalities.
Abducens nerve
157
CN associated with touch sensory on the anterior 2/3 of the head
V - Trigeminal
158
the muscles of mastication are associated with the ____ motor (V___) of the ____ nerve
Branchial, V3, trigeminal
159
Gustatory special sensory (anterior 2/3 of the tongue) is associated with the ____ nerve
Facial
160
The general sensory associated with the auricle of the ear is associated with the ____ nerve
Facial
161
The pterygopalantine ganglion (lacrimal glands) and submandibular ganglion (salivary glands) are associated with the ____ motor portion of the ____ nerve
Visceral, facial
162
Muscles of facial expression are controlled by the ____ nerve
Facial nerve (branchial motor)
163
Entering the lateral pons in the shape of a shepherds crook looping around to its nucleus is the ____ nerve
Facial nerve (CN VII)
164
More than all the others, these two cranial nerves are associated with palsies of PNS or CNS origin.
CN VII (Facial) and CN XII (Hypoglossal)
165
In assessing a pt, if you ask them to smile and raise their eyebrows…and you notice that the smile and eyebrows are asymmetric…this is likely associated to damage in the ____ nervous system.
Peripheral (ie. Bells Palsy)
166
In assessing a pt, if you ask them to smile and raise their eyebrows…and you notice that the smile is asymmetric…but the eyebrows are symmetric...this is likely associated to damage in the ____ nervous system.
Central
167
In assessing a pt, if you ask them to smile and raise their eyebrows…and you notice that the smile and eyebrows are symmetric…you will conclude what?
That CN VII is fine
168
```
In the ear, pressure waves in the ____
causes a local expansion, which
displaces the ____ . The
pressure wave then enters the ____ and is dissipated via the
____.
```
Scala vestibuli, cochlear duct, scala
| tympani, round window
169
Gelatinous substance holding the "hair cells" of the enlarged ampulla of the blah, blah, blah within the ear.
Cupula
170
What does PA school and life have in common?
Nothing…they are polar opposites :)
171
Damage to the right cranial nerve VIII will cause the eyes to drift ____
Right
172
When you turn your head to the right…your eyes will naturally drift ____
Left
173
It's the evening of the 5th of May, without looking…how many actual days of sitting in class do we have left…not including holidays, weekends, or the last week of stupid crap we have to do?
27…but who's counting
174
Internal capsule is within the ____ matter
White
175
The ____ suppresses unwanted cortical activity
Basal ganglia
176
Layer I of the cerebral cortex =
Molecular layer - largely acellular
177
Layer II of the cerebral cortex =
External granule (stellate) cell layer
178
Layer III of the cerebral cortex =
External pyramidal cell layer
179
Layer IV of the cerebral cortex =
Internal granule (stellate) cell layer
180
Layer V of the cerebral cortex =
Internal pyramidal cell layer
181
Layer VI of the cerebral cortex =
Multiform layer
182
Layer ____ of the cerebral cortex sends information to other areas of the cerebral cortex
II
183
Layer ____ of the cerebral cortex receives information from other areas of the cerebral cortex
I
184
Layer ____ of the cerebral cortex receives thalamic nucleus
IV
185
Layer ____ of the cerebral sends axons OUT of the cerebral cortex
V
186
Layer ____ of the cerebral cortex sends information back to the thalamus
VI
187
Lesions of primary sensory cortex produces ____
Numbness
188
Lesions of primary visual cortex produces ____
Cortical blindness
189
Lesions of secondary sensory cortex produces ____
Tactile agnosias
190
Lesions of higher visual cortices
| produces ____
Motion blindness, color blindness, visual
| agnosias.
191
Lesions of tertiary somatosensory cortex produces ____
Tactile agnosias or even “neglect"
192
Lesions of tertiary visual cortex produces ____
Complex visual agnosias, including
| prosopagnosia
193
T/F Highest levels of sensory is where memory happens
TRUE
194
Lesions of primary motor cortex produces ____
Contralateral spastic hemiparesis
195
Lesions of secondary motor cortex produces ____
Apraxias, akinesia
196
Lesions of higher association cortices produce
| all sorts of strange cognitive disorders, including ____
Anosognosia, aphasias.
197
Lesions of pre-frontal cortex produce changes in ____, changes in ____,
and (loss/gain) of appreciation for
the consequences of one’s
actions.
Personality, social behavior, loss
198
Language is usually associated with the ____ hemisphere
Left
199
Attention is usually associated with the ____ hemisphere
Right
200
Praxis is usually associated with the ____ hemisphere
Left
201
Spacial skills are usually associated with the ____ hemisphere
Right
202
Music and prosody are usually associated with the ____ hemisphere
Right
203
Computational skills are usually associated with the ____ hemisphere
Left
204
Emotions, mood, affect, memory, and olfaction are all associated with the ____ system
Limbic
205
Just superior to the corpus collosum is the ____ gyrus and is responsible for mood and spacial and cognitive memory
Cingulate
206
T/F The amygdala and hippocampus are right next to each other.
TRUE
207
The ____ is the center for experiencing fear, anxiety, and rage
Amygdala
208
The ____ is the center for the consolidation of short-term declarative and spacial memories into long-term memories
Hippocampus
209
Damage to prefrontal cortex may cause a person to experience no ____
Pleasure
210
T/F The limbic area is very responsible for our experience of emotions
TRUE
211
The "reward" system includes stimulation of the limbic cortex by the neurotransmitter ____
Dopamine
212
Remembering facts are ____ memories
Declarative
213
Remembering locations are ____ memories
Spacial
214
T/F Memories are stored in the Papes' circuit
FALSE
215
Broca's area is associated with language ____
Production
216
Wernicke's area is associated with language ____
Comprehension
217
What would happen if you damaged Broca's area?
No creation of speech (no vocal speech, written, sign, etc.)
218
What would happen if you damaged the pre-motor cortex associated with speech that is receiving input from Broca's area?
Apraxia of speech. You could still write or sign language.
219
Damage to Werniche's area would cause...
An inability to understand spoken word.
220
The ____ interconnects most of the cerebral cortex
Corpus collosum
221
The lateral geniculate nuclei is considered a ____ nuclei
Sensory
222
The motor nuclei of the thalamus are the
Ventral anterior and ?
223
Functions of the hypothalamus and pineal gland. H.E.A.D
Homeostasis, Endocrine (via pituitary), Autonomic (symp/parasymp), Drives thirst/hunger/satiety
224
What tract carries "releasing" hormones to the anterior pituitary?
Tuberoinfundibular tract
225
F1 of the frontal cortex is associated with the ____ gyrus. Damage to this area will cause ____
Precentral, contralateral spastic hemiparesis
226
F2 of the frontal cortex is associated with the ____ gyrus. Damage to this area will cause ____...uncoordinated attempts at complex motor activities with strength being ____
Premotor, apraxias, normal
227
F3 of the frontal cortex is associated with the ____ which communicate with the ____ within the pons and ____ within the midbrain.
Frontal eye fields, centers for lateral gaze, centers for vertical gaze
228
A pt who has damage to the frontal lobe causing the frontal eye fields to fall silent will present with...
Eyes fixed TOWARD the side of damage
229
A pt who has an overly excited (seizure) frontal eye field will present with...
Eyes fixated AWAY from the side of damage
230
F4 of the frontal cortex is associated with the ____ gyri.
Anterior cinculate
231
____ of the frontal cortex surrounds the corpus callosum on the medial surface of the frontal lobes.
F4
232
What portion of what gyri is associated with the experience of pleasure and joy?
Anterior portion of the cingulate gyri of the frontal lobe (F4)
233
Also known as the "pleasure center"
Anterior cingulate gyri
234
T/F Damage to the anterior cingulate gyri would need to be bilateral to manifest symptoms.
TRUE
235
What would happen if F4 were destroyed?
Ahedonie = life sucking because you couldn't experience joy
236
Dorsolateral frontal cortex (AKA F___) allows us to ____ our ____ on what is appropriate for the moment. It is considered the "____ filter"
F5, focus, attention, judgement
237
A pt destroys this part of his brain and continues to cook in his kitchen even though his house is burning down around him. This is known as ____
Bilateral dorsolateral frontal cortex, perseverance
238
A pt can't focus on any one thing and is distracted by even the slightest things. Damage to what area of the brain can cause this. What phenomena is this?
Bilat4ral dorsolateral frontal cortex, inattentiveness
239
F6 is the ____ cortex
Pre frontal
240
Judgement as to what is appropriate and what is inappropriate is associated with ____
F6 - the pre frontal cortex
241
The last part of the cortex to undergo myelination is the ____
Pre frontal cortex. Can happen as late as 20yo…which is why teenagers sometimes have no ability to judge between awesome and stupid
242
Sociopaths are said to have an underdeveloped ____
Pre frontal cortex
243
P1 is known as the ____ gyri
Primary somatosensory cortex AKA the post central gyri of the parietal lobe
244
From where does P1 receive it's information?
The VPN of the thalamus
245
Within P1, sensory from the contralateral lower limbs are the most ____, sensory from the contralateral upper limbs are in the ____, and sensory from the contralateral face innervates most ____
Medial, middle, laterally (LAF)
246
If you destroyed P1, you would have ____ in the affected area
Anesthesia
247
The superior parietal lobule is also known as P____
P2
248
A pt presents with an inability to identify an object placed in his hand even though he can feel it.
Tactile agnosia or astereognosia. Damage to the anterior parts of the superior and inferior parietal lobules (P2, P3) also known as the secondary somatosensory cortex
249
A pt presents to clinic with only her left half of her face made-up, only one shoe and sock on her left side, and only the left half of her clothes on…weird…but possible. Where might her damage be?
Superior parietal lobule (P2) (right hemisphere in most people)
250
Most commonly on the ____ side, Wernicke's area lies within the ____
Left, inferior parietal lobule (P3)
251
A man cannot put together even the simplest puzzle, nor can seem to know to fit a triangular shaped object into a corresponding opening in a box.
Damage to the RIGHT inferior parietal lobule (P3)
252
V1
Primary visual cortex
253
Superior lip of the calcarine sulcus is ____
Cuneus gyrus
254
Inferior lip of the calcarine sulcus is ____
Lingual gyrus
255
The upper left visual field information is processed by the ____
Right lingual gyrus
256
The lower right visual field information is processed by the ____
Left cuneus gyrus
257
What separates the cuneus and lingual gyri?
Calcarine sulcus
258
V2 and V3 of the occipital lobe are associated with ____ and ____ visual cortices respectively and serve to assemble ____ and ____ from information received from V1
Secondary, tertiary, shape, movement
259
Damage to V____ would prevent visual color information from the contralateral visual field from being processed
V4
260
Motion information from contralateral visual fields is processed in V____
V5
261
Someone has damage to the lateral surface of the occipital cerebrum. V5 is damaged. Now they have trouble with ____ movement on the ____ side
Pursuit, contralateral
262
Contralateral cortical blindness = damage to ____. Contralateral inability to perceive shapes = damage to ____. Contralateral inability to perceive color = damage to ____.
V1, V2/V3, V4
263
Where are the primary and secondary auditory cortex located?
Superior temporal gyrus
264
T/F Both auditory cortices on each side receives input from both ears
TRUE
265
A pt cannot recall words…he may have damage to the (left/right) ____ and ____temporal gyri
Left, middle and inferior
266
A pt cannot recognize his own face in the mirror…he may have damage to the (left/right) ____ and ____temporal gyri
Right, middle and inferior
267
Prosopagnosia is the inability to recognize ____
Faces
268
A pt has damaged the ____ cortices and now has anterograde amnesia and cannot remember anything since the accident.
Posthippocampal
269
The functional counterpart to the anterior cingulate gyrus is the ____
Amygdala - anxiety and fear center
270
What connects the two language cortices?
Superior longitudinal fasiculus AKA arcuate fasiculus
271
Most language cortices are located in the (left/right) hemisphere in most individuals. All right handed individuals have them on the (right/left) and about half of the left-handed people have them on the (right/left)
Left, left, LEFT!!!
272
F7
Broca's area
273
Conversion of thoughts into words happens in ____
Broca's area
274
A person understands what is being said to them, and knows what they want to say…but can't express it properly
Damage to Broca's area
275
P3
Wernicke's area
276
Receptive aphasia is to ____ as expressive aphasia is to ____
Werniche's area, Broca's area
277
Another name for arcuate fasiculus
Superior longitudinal fasiculus
278
What artery subserves the entire posterior half of the thalamus?
Posterior cerebral artery
279
Right lateral strabismus of right eye…pupillary dilation of the right eye even with light and has trouble raising and lowering his eye with saccadic and pursuit movements.
Right oculomotor not functioning
280
Where are the pre-tectal nucleus?
Midbrain
281
Where is the superior colliculus?
Rostral midbrain
282
Light reflexes are associated with the ____ nucleus
Pre-tectal nucleus
283
T/F Damage to the superior colliculus may disable your ability to respond to sudden movements within the visual field
TRUE
284
T/F Form and contrast perception are associated with V3
TRUE
285
T/F Color perception is associated with V5
FALSE - V4
286
T/F Motion perception is associated with V4
FALSE - V5
287
T/F The myelinating cells of the optic nerve arise from the neural tube and are oligodendrocytes instead of neural crest cells, i.e. not Schwann cells.
TRUE
288
Saccadic eye movements are initiated in the ____ while pursuit eye movements are initiated in the ____
Frontal eye fields of frontal cortex, lateral occipital lobe
289
Jaw jerk reflex
In 5, trigem nuc, out 5
290
Corneal reflex
In 5, facial motor nuc, out 7
291
Gag reflex
In 9, retic form, out 10
292
Carotid sinus reflex
In 9, dorsal motor nuc of 10, out 10
293
Salivation reflex
In 7, salivatory nuc, out 7/9
294
Prosody (music of language) is localized in the ____ hemisphere
Right
295
Antegrade amnesia and affective disorder if this area is damaged bilaterally.
Limbic system
296
Specific thalamic nucleus carrying information about touch
VPN
297
Specific thalamic nucleus carrying information about vision
LGN
298
Non-specific thalamic nucleus of the RAS doing cortex activation
Centromedian
299
Bleeding in the VPN would cause...
Contralateral numbness and parasthesias because the thalamus is being fed.
300
What activates the POA?
ALS system temperature information
301
What releases TRH?
Arcuate nucleus through the median eminence. No BBB
302
T/F Damage to the genu would affect muscles of the face
TRUE
303
The locus ceruleus of the ____ releases ____ onto the frontal cortex
Midbrain, nor-dpi
304
Raphe of ____ releases ____
Midbrain, serotonin
305
Which CN has no thalamic relay?
CNI
306
Which CN is part of the CNS?
CNII
