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just 6 and 7 Flashcards

1
Q

site

A

The physical qualities of the place that a city occupies, which can influence its origin, function, and growth

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2
Q

situation

A

The relative location of a city in relation to other places, which can influence its origin, function, and growth

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3
Q

megacities

A

Urban areas with a total population in excess of 10 million people

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4
Q

metacities

A

Urban areas with a population of more than 20 million people

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5
Q

periphery nation

A

A country that is largely undeveloped and economically dependent on core nations

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6
Q

semi-periphery nation

A

A country that is in between the core and periphery in terms of economic and political power

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7
Q

suburbanization

A

A population shift from central urban areas into suburbs, resulting in the formation of urban spraw

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8
Q

urban sprawl

A

The progressive spread of development over the landscap

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9
Q

edge cities

A

Large commercial centers that offer entertainment and shopping in the suburbs, outside of a traditional downtown or central business district

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10
Q

exurbs

A

Rings of wealthier rural communities that grew just outside of the suburbs and were hotbeds for continued urban growth and development

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11
Q

boomburgs

A

Rapidly growing, sprawling cities of 100,000 or more on the edge of a major metropolitan area

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12
Q

world cities

A

The most important cities as defined by Saskia Sassen, based on their economic, cultural, and political importance, such as New York City, London, and Tokyo

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13
Q

urban hierarchy

A

A hierarchy that puts cities in ranks from small first-order cities upward to fourth-order cities, which are large, world-class cities

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14
Q

rank-size rule

A

The principle that a country’s nth-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement

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15
Q

primate city

A

The largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement

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16
Q

cheristaller central place theory

A

A theory that explains the size and spacing of settlements

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17
Q

burgess concentric-zone model

A

A model of urban land use that divides a city into concentric zones

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18
Q

hoyt sector model

A

A model of urban land use that divides a city into sectors

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19
Q

multiple-nuclei model

A

A model of urban land use that sees a city as having several nuclei or centers

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20
Q

galactic city model

A

A modification of the multiple nuclei model that takes into account suburbanization

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21
Q

latin american city model

A

A model of urban land use in Latin American cities that features a large plaza at the middle, a boulevard for the city’s elite, and housing for the wealthy and powerful as spines from the center

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22
Q

southeast asian city model

A

A model of urban land use in Southeast Asian cities that features an old colonial port zone surrounded by a commercial business district and a western commercial zone

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23
Q

african city model

A

A model of urban land use in African cities that features three central business districts: colonial, traditional, and periodic market

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24
Q

cycles of development

A

The stages of growth and change that a city goes through over time

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25
Q

infilling

A

The process of filling in vacant or underutilized land within an urban area

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26
Q

infrastructure

A

The basic facilities and services needed for a city to function, such as transportation, communication, water, and power

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27
Q

sustainability

A

The ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

28
Q

smart-growth

A

An approach to urban planning that emphasizes compact, transit-oriented, walkable, bicycle-friendly land use, including neighborhood schools, complete streets, and mixed-use development with a range of housing choices

29
Q

new urbanism

A

A movement that promotes walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods with a range of housing types

30
Q

green belts

A

Belts of open space, parks, or farmland that are protected from development

31
Q

slow-growth cities

A

Cities that have policies to limit or slow down growth

32
Q

gentrification

A

The process of renewal and rebuilding accompanying the influx of middle-class or affluent people into deteriorating areas, raising property values but often displacing earlier, poorer residents

33
Q

redlining

A

The discriminatory practice of denying services, either directly or through selectively raising prices, to residents of certain areas based on their race or ethnicity

34
Q

blockbusting

A

A practice in which real estate agents would convince white homeowners to sell their homes at a loss by claiming that racial minorities were moving into the neighborhood, then resell the homes at inflated prices to the new minority residents

35
Q

zones of abandonment

A

Areas of a city that have been neglected and left to deteriorate

36
Q

squatter settlements

A

Informal settlements built on land that the occupants have no legal claim to

37
Q

inclusionary zoning

A

Policies that require or encourage developers to include a certain percentage of affordable housing units in new residential developments

38
Q

brownfields

A

Abandoned, idled, or underused industrial and commercial facilities where expansion or redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination

39
Q

quanitiative

A

census data

40
Q

qualitative

A

attitudes, studies

41
Q

industrial revolution

A

A period of rapid economic and social change in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, characterized by the development of machine production, the factory system, and the concentration of industry

42
Q

second agricutlrual revolution

A

A period of agricultural development between the 18th century and the end of the 19th century that saw a massive increase in agricultural productivity and output in Europe

43
Q

urbanization

A

The process by which a population becomes concentrated in urban areas, leading to the growth of cities

44
Q

primary sector

A

The part of the economy that involves extracting raw materials from the earth, such as agriculture, mining, and fishing

45
Q

secondary sector

A

The part of the economy that involves manufacturing finished goods from raw materials

46
Q

tertiary sector

A

The part of the economy that involves providing services to consumers and businesses, such as retail, transportation, and healthcare

47
Q

quaternary sector

A

The part of the economy that involves knowledge-based services, such as information technology, research and development, and education

48
Q

quinary sector

A

The part of the economy that involves highly-skilled services and creative industries, such as government, culture, and media

49
Q

break-of-bulk point

A

A location where goods are transferred from one mode of transportation to another, often leading to the development of a city or town

50
Q

Least cost theory (Weber)

A

A theory that explains the location of manufacturing industries based on the minimization of transportation and labor costs

51
Q

Wallerstein’s World theory

A

A theory that divides the world into core, semi-periphery, and periphery countries based on their economic and political power

52
Q

GDP

A

The total value of goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a given period

53
Q

GNP

A

The total value of goods and services produced by a country’s citizens, regardless of where they are located

54
Q

Per capita

A

A measure of the average amount per person, often used to compare economic indicators between countries

55
Q

Formal economy

A

The part of the economy that is regulated and taxed by the government

56
Q

informal economy

A

The part of the economy that is not regulated or taxed by the government, often involving cash transactions and self-employment

57
Q

GII

A

A measure of gender inequality in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment, and economic activity

58
Q

HDI

A

A measure of a country’s development based on life expectancy, education, and income per capita

59
Q

Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth

A

A theory that describes the stages of economic development that countries go through, from traditional society to high mass consumption

60
Q

Neoliberal policies

A

Economic policies that emphasize free market capitalism, privatization, and reduced government intervention in the economy

61
Q

Microlending

A

The practice of providing small loans to individuals or small businesses who lack access to traditional banking services

62
Q

Outsorucing

A

The practice of contracting work to an external organization or individual, often in a different country

63
Q

SEZ

A

An area within a country that has more liberal economic laws than the rest of the country, often used to attract foreign investment

64
Q

FTZ

A

An area within a country where goods can be imported, stored, handled, manufactured or reconfigured, and re-exported without the intervention of customs authorities

65
Q

EPZ

A

A type of SEZ that focuses on the production of goods for export

66
Q

International division of labor

A

The specialization of different countries in the production of particular goods and services, based on their comparative advantages

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