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The physical qualities of the place that a city occupies, which can influence its origin, function, and growth
situation
The relative location of a city in relation to other places, which can influence its origin, function, and growth
megacities
Urban areas with a total population in excess of 10 million people
metacities
Urban areas with a population of more than 20 million people
periphery nation
A country that is largely undeveloped and economically dependent on core nations
semi-periphery nation
A country that is in between the core and periphery in terms of economic and political power
suburbanization
A population shift from central urban areas into suburbs, resulting in the formation of urban spraw
urban sprawl
The progressive spread of development over the landscap
edge cities
Large commercial centers that offer entertainment and shopping in the suburbs, outside of a traditional downtown or central business district
exurbs
Rings of wealthier rural communities that grew just outside of the suburbs and were hotbeds for continued urban growth and development
boomburgs
Rapidly growing, sprawling cities of 100,000 or more on the edge of a major metropolitan area
world cities
The most important cities as defined by Saskia Sassen, based on their economic, cultural, and political importance, such as New York City, London, and Tokyo
urban hierarchy
A hierarchy that puts cities in ranks from small first-order cities upward to fourth-order cities, which are large, world-class cities
rank-size rule
The principle that a country’s nth-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement
primate city
The largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement
cheristaller central place theory
A theory that explains the size and spacing of settlements
burgess concentric-zone model
A model of urban land use that divides a city into concentric zones
hoyt sector model
A model of urban land use that divides a city into sectors
multiple-nuclei model
A model of urban land use that sees a city as having several nuclei or centers
galactic city model
A modification of the multiple nuclei model that takes into account suburbanization
latin american city model
A model of urban land use in Latin American cities that features a large plaza at the middle, a boulevard for the city’s elite, and housing for the wealthy and powerful as spines from the center
southeast asian city model
A model of urban land use in Southeast Asian cities that features an old colonial port zone surrounded by a commercial business district and a western commercial zone
african city model
A model of urban land use in African cities that features three central business districts: colonial, traditional, and periodic market
cycles of development
The stages of growth and change that a city goes through over time
infilling
The process of filling in vacant or underutilized land within an urban area
infrastructure
The basic facilities and services needed for a city to function, such as transportation, communication, water, and power
sustainability
The ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
smart-growth
An approach to urban planning that emphasizes compact, transit-oriented, walkable, bicycle-friendly land use, including neighborhood schools, complete streets, and mixed-use development with a range of housing choices
new urbanism
A movement that promotes walkable, mixed-use neighborhoods with a range of housing types
green belts
Belts of open space, parks, or farmland that are protected from development
slow-growth cities
Cities that have policies to limit or slow down growth
gentrification
The process of renewal and rebuilding accompanying the influx of middle-class or affluent people into deteriorating areas, raising property values but often displacing earlier, poorer residents
redlining
The discriminatory practice of denying services, either directly or through selectively raising prices, to residents of certain areas based on their race or ethnicity
blockbusting
A practice in which real estate agents would convince white homeowners to sell their homes at a loss by claiming that racial minorities were moving into the neighborhood, then resell the homes at inflated prices to the new minority residents
zones of abandonment
Areas of a city that have been neglected and left to deteriorate
squatter settlements
Informal settlements built on land that the occupants have no legal claim to
inclusionary zoning
Policies that require or encourage developers to include a certain percentage of affordable housing units in new residential developments
brownfields
Abandoned, idled, or underused industrial and commercial facilities where expansion or redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived environmental contamination
quanitiative
census data
qualitative
attitudes, studies
industrial revolution
A period of rapid economic and social change in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, characterized by the development of machine production, the factory system, and the concentration of industry
second agricutlrual revolution
A period of agricultural development between the 18th century and the end of the 19th century that saw a massive increase in agricultural productivity and output in Europe
urbanization
The process by which a population becomes concentrated in urban areas, leading to the growth of cities
primary sector
The part of the economy that involves extracting raw materials from the earth, such as agriculture, mining, and fishing
secondary sector
The part of the economy that involves manufacturing finished goods from raw materials
tertiary sector
The part of the economy that involves providing services to consumers and businesses, such as retail, transportation, and healthcare
quaternary sector
The part of the economy that involves knowledge-based services, such as information technology, research and development, and education
quinary sector
The part of the economy that involves highly-skilled services and creative industries, such as government, culture, and media
break-of-bulk point
A location where goods are transferred from one mode of transportation to another, often leading to the development of a city or town
Least cost theory (Weber)
A theory that explains the location of manufacturing industries based on the minimization of transportation and labor costs
Wallerstein’s World theory
A theory that divides the world into core, semi-periphery, and periphery countries based on their economic and political power
GDP
The total value of goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a given period
GNP
The total value of goods and services produced by a country’s citizens, regardless of where they are located
Per capita
A measure of the average amount per person, often used to compare economic indicators between countries
Formal economy
The part of the economy that is regulated and taxed by the government
informal economy
The part of the economy that is not regulated or taxed by the government, often involving cash transactions and self-employment
GII
A measure of gender inequality in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment, and economic activity
HDI
A measure of a country’s development based on life expectancy, education, and income per capita
Rostow’s Stages of Economic Growth
A theory that describes the stages of economic development that countries go through, from traditional society to high mass consumption
Neoliberal policies
Economic policies that emphasize free market capitalism, privatization, and reduced government intervention in the economy
Microlending
The practice of providing small loans to individuals or small businesses who lack access to traditional banking services
Outsorucing
The practice of contracting work to an external organization or individual, often in a different country
SEZ
An area within a country that has more liberal economic laws than the rest of the country, often used to attract foreign investment
FTZ
An area within a country where goods can be imported, stored, handled, manufactured or reconfigured, and re-exported without the intervention of customs authorities
EPZ
A type of SEZ that focuses on the production of goods for export
International division of labor
The specialization of different countries in the production of particular goods and services, based on their comparative advantages
