Jurisprudence Flashcards
The Personal Interest Test
Am I receiving any personal benefit?
The RD has a personal interest when he/she receives any personal benefit from an action or decision made with respect to clients.
Benefits
can include, but are not limited to, gifts, advantages, discounts, status, rebate, credit and preferential
treatment.
The interest may be monetary or of a moral nature, and could be direct (to the RD) or
indirect (to someone associated with the RD such as a family member or close friend).
The Professional Judgment Test
Will this action compromise my objectivity?
RDs must always
consider whether personal interests are or have the potential to influence their professional objectivity
for or against an action, or a decision about a program, product and/or treatment recommendation
The Improper Influence Test
Am I changing my actions so that I can have the benefit?
A personal interest can improperly influence an RD. It must be something substantial enough that the RD wants
the benefit or wants to avoid the loss that accompanies the interest.
Reasonable Person Test
What would a reasonable person think? Always consider what a colleague
or neutral observer would think of the situation.
Could a reasonable person conclude that the RD is
making a decision that was influenced by personal gain?
Whether or not an RD’s professional judgment is actually compromised does not matter. The fact that a reasonable person might perceive a conflict of interest is enough.
Often a perceived or potential conflict of interest can be as significant
as a real conflict of interest.
DORM Principle
Disclosure: at the earliest opportunity, RDs should disclose the nature of the conflict to the client;
Options: inform the client of his/her alternatives and assist in arranging for alternatives where requested;
Reassurance: reassure clients that choosing another product or service will not affect the quality of the professional services to them;
Modification: making small modifications can remove or greatly reduce the potential for
conflict of interest
Trust+Integrity=
Ethics
Situational Judgment Test
Situational judgement tests tend to determine behavioural tendencies, assessing how a RD will behave in a certain situation, and knowledge potential actions, which evaluates the effectiveness of possible responses.
Agency Shop
An agency shop is a form of union security agreement where the employer may hire union or non-union workers. Employees do not need join the union in order to remain employed, however, the non-union worker must pay a fee to cover collective bargaining costs.
Union Shop
A provision found in some collective bargaining agreements requiring all employees of a business to join the union within a short period, usually 30 days, and to remain members as a condition of employment.
Incidence
The number or rate of new cases of a particular condition during a specific time.
Morbidity Rate
number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period
Disease Rate
expression of disease in a population in a given period of time
Mortality Rate
number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time
Express Consent
an oral or written agreement
Implicit Consent
behaviors that are openly performed in public implies that one is willing to have others observe them
Consent and Internal Education
Consent is not required for internal education purposes for staff members. PHIPA includes provisions that permit a custodian to use personal health information without the consent of the client. Some of these include use of personal health information for the following reasons:
to manage risk;
to support quality of care programs;
to allocate resources;
to obtain payment;
to do research, if a research plan has been approved by a research ethics board.
Informed Consent
“A consent to treatment is informed if, before giving it,
a) the person received the information that a reasonable person in the same circumstances would
require in order to make a decision about the treatment; and
b) the person received responses to his or her requests for additional information about those matters.”
Dietetics Act and Laboratory and Specimen Collection Centre Licensing Act
There are interdependent laws and regulations that have been put in place for RDs to have the authority to perform capillary skin pricks and analyze the blood samples. These include amendments to laws and corresponding regulations under the:
Dietetics Act;
and
Laboratory and Specimen Collection Centre Licensing Act
Knowledgeable consent
Consent for the “collection, use or disclosure of personal health information about an
individual if it is reasonable in the circumstances to believe that the individual knows,
a) the purposes of the collection, use or disclosure, as the case may be; and
b) that the individual may give or withhold consent.”
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
the average daily amount of a nutrient that will maintain a specific biochemical or physiological function in half the healthy people of a given age and gender group
Recommended dietary allowance (RDA)
the average daily amount of a nutrient considered adequate to meet the known nutrient needs of practically all healthy people; a goal for dietary intake by individuals
Tolerable Upper Limit
The greatest quantity of a vitamin or mineral that may be consumed in a day without risk of an adverse health effect.
Adequate Intake (AI)
the average amount of a nutrient that appears to be adequate for individuals when there is not sufficient scientific research to calculate an RDA
Limited Choice Menu
Provides some options
Non-Commercial Operation
Non-commercial operations provide food service on-site as a secondary activity. Examples include schools, hospitals, and the military.
Commerical Operation
A commercial food service operation is an operation that sells food and beverages for profit
Non-Selective Menu
offers no choices; one for breakfast, one for lunch, one for dinner
Parameters for a Community Needs Assessment
Parameters for a community needs assessment include:
- statement of nutrition problem
- definition of community
- purpose of the assessment and target population goals and objectives.
The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states in specific populations (epidemiology) is not related to a community needs assessment.
Which of the following structures forms part of the extrinsic control of digestive organs?
A. Autonomic nervous system
B. Enteric nerve plexus
C. Cerebral cortex
D. Entero-endocrine glands
A. Autonomic nervous system
The autonomic system is the part of the peripheral nervous system that is responsible for regulating involuntary body functions, such as heartbeat, blood flow, breathing, and digestion.
Which naturally occurring statin is found in foods such as oyster mushroom and red yeast rice?
Lovastatin
Lovastatin is used along with a proper diet to help lower “bad” cholesterol and fats (such as LDL, triglycerides) and raise “good” cholesterol (HDL) in the blood. It belongs to a group of drugs known as “statins.” It works by reducing the amount of cholesterol made by the liver.
Lovastatin is a naturally occurring compound found in low concentrations in food such as red yeast rice and oyster mushrooms.
Marasmus
A disease of severe protein-calorie malnutrition during early infancy, in which growth stops, body tissues waste away, and the infant eventually dies.
Kwashiorkor
This form of malnutrition is most commonly found with children in developing countries. Kwashiorkor is a protein-energy malnutrition produced by a severely inadequate amount of protein in a diet.
Characteristics include distended belly, irritability, edema, and an enlarged liver with fatty infiltration.
Calories for starting TPN
TPN re-feeding is necessary because of extreme resistance, administration of nutrients should be done slowly, starting with no more than 500 kcal/day in the form of a complete liquid diet for several days, then gradually increasing the caloric load in a stepwise matter.
Symptoms of hypervolemia
The symptoms of headache, jugular vein distention, increased blood pressure, and crackles bilaterally are indicative of fluid overload or hypervolemia.
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is administered directly into the bloodstream, and if there is an excessive infusion rate or inadequate fluid removal, it can lead to fluid overload.
Marketing Mix
the set of tactical marketing tools - product, price, place, and promotion - that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market
The hydrolysis of sucrose with an acid to form a mixture with equal amounts of fructose and glucose is referred to as:
Inversion is the hydrolysis of sucrose with an acid to form a mixture with equal amounts of fructose and glucose. An example is invert sugar which yields a product that is sweeter, higher in moisture, and less prone to crystallization than sucrose.
What risk patients can Dietitian Assistants see
Typically low-risk patients and occasionally dealt with moderate-risk patients while supervised by a registered dietitian. Generally, DTs/DAs were not directly involved in the nutritional care of high-risk patients.
Which is the correct order for taking action on a privacy breach?
If there is a privacy breach, the correct order is: Respond -> Contain -> Notify -> Investigate
Step 1: Respond immediately by implementing the privacy breach protocol.
Step 2: Containment - Identify the scope of the potential breach and take steps to contain it.
Step 3: Notification - Identify those individuals whose privacy was breached and notify them of the breach
Step 4: Investigation and Remediation
Canadian Temperature Danger Zone
41°F - 135°F because disease causing bacteria are capable of rapid multiplication in this temperature range
Safe Food for Canadians Act
The Safe Food for Canadians Act (SFCA) modernizes the regulatory system for food commodities in Canada.
This act is specifically designed to ensure that the food supply in Canada is safe. It consolidates and updates previous federal food safety laws, implementing more consistent inspection and enforcement activities across all types of food.
The act focuses on preventing food safety risks, ensuring that food sold in Canada is safe and unadulterated, and providing clear and consistent rules for producers and businesses that export food products.
Gantt Chart
A time and activity bar chart that is used for planning, managing, and controlling major programs that have a distinct beginning and end.
Gantt progress charts are commonly used in project management. It is a bar graph that shows what has to be done (activities) and when (schedule).
Production Schedule
The calendar that shows the preproduction, production, and postproduction dates and who is doing what when and where.
PERT Chart
production schedule specifying the sequence of activities, time requirements, and critical path for performing the steps in a project
CMP
Critical Path Method. Graphically depicts all the tasks needed to complete a project, start and end times, duration & the sequence in which they must occur
HgbA1C Levels
To be considered diabetic based on the HbA1C test, the percentage that typically indicates diabetes is A: 6.50%.
5%: This is generally considered a normal HbA1C level, indicating no diabetes.
8%: While this level is indeed high and indicates poorly controlled diabetes, it is not the threshold for the diagnosis of diabetes.
7.00%: This level is often set as a target for people who have diabetes to achieve good blood glucose control, rather than a diagnostic criterion.
Target HgbA1C for Diabetics
7.00%: This level is often set as a target for people who have diabetes to achieve good blood glucose control, rather than a diagnostic criterion.
Functions of Management
planning, organizing, leading, controlling
Planning Mgmt Fx
the process of determining the organization’s objectives and deciding how to accomplish them
Organizing Mgmt Fx
delegation of tasks to different individuals and work groups
A registered dietitian was asked by a grade 7 elementary school teacher to come and speak to the students about healthy eating. Based on the age group, which of the following would be an appropriate teaching method?
Problem-solving discussions would be better for school-aged children while food models are best for preschool children, goal setting for adolescents and cooking demonstrations for adults.
Variable Costs
costs that vary with the quantity of output produced
Semi-variable Costs
Costs comprising both fixed and variable components
Sunk Costs
costs that have already been incurred and cannot be recovered
Essential Amino Acid lacking in vegetarian diet
A vegetarian who consumes the majority of her protein from legumes and soybeans might be low in methionine.
Legumes and soybeans are excellent sources of protein for vegetarians. However, while they are generally high in lysine (which is often low in other plant proteins), they can be relatively lower in methionine, an essential amino acid.
Methionine is important for many bodily functions, including metabolism and detoxification.
Signs of dehydration
Signs and symptoms of dehydration include decreased skin turgor, dry mucous membrane, weight loss, postural hypertension, increase body temperature, elevated BUN:Cr ratio, weak and rapid pulse.
Functions of a collaborative leader
A collaborative leader has two functions to achieve effective collaborative care: task orientation and relationship orientation.
In the task-orientation function, the collaborative leader helps others on the team keep on task in achieving safe outcomes for client care such as maintain the integrity of the team’s governance and operating processes
In the relationship orientation function, the leader assists the team to work more effectively such as providing support, managing conflict, and building productive work relationships.
Transference
the patient’s transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships
Countertransference
Countertransference is defined as redirection of a psychotherapist’s feelings toward a client or a dietitian’s emotional entanglement with a client.
How do eggs interfere with iron absorption?
Eggs contain a protein called phosvitin, which binds with iron and can inhibit its absorption.
This effect is particularly noted with non-heme iron, the type of iron found in plant-based foods. While eggs are a good source of various nutrients, their consumption can reduce the absorption of iron from other foods eaten at the same time.
Factor Pricing Method
Also known as the mark-up method, the difference between cost and selling price
Cost Plus pricing method
a method of setting prices in which the seller totals all the costs for the product and then adds an amount to arrive at the selling price
Prime Cost Method
raw food cost + labor cost involved in making the item
Competitive Pricing Method
occurs when producers sell products at lower prices to lure customers away from rival producers, while still making a profit
Gilbert’s Syndrome
Gilbert’s syndrome (GS) is a mild liver disorder in which the liver does not properly process bilirubin. Many people never have symptoms. Occasionally a slight yellowish colour of the skin or whites of the eyes may occur.
High Food Security
no reported indications of food-access problems or limitations
Low Food Security
households reduced the quality, variety, and desirability of their diets, but the quantity of food intake and normal eating patterns were not substantially disrupted
Very Low Food Security
multiple indications of disrupted eating patterns and reduced food intake
Health Belief Model
A theory of health behaviors; the model predicts that whether a person practices a particular health habit can be understood by knowing the degree to which the person perceives a personal health threat and the perception that a particular health practice will be effective in reducing that threat.
The Transtheoretical Model
precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance
Cognitive-behavioral model
Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) assumes that all behaviour is learned and is directly related to internal triggers (thoughts and thinking patterns) and external triggers (reinforcement and environmental), which result in specific problematic behaviours.
The goal is to target inaccurate thoughts and beliefs of the client. Techniques may include keeping a diary of feelings, behaviour and thoughts.
Social Cognitive Theory
referring to the use of cognitive processes in relation to understanding the social world
Peter Principle
a principle of organizational life according to which every employee within a hierarchy tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence
Theory Z
a management philosophy that stresses employee participation in all aspects of company decision making
Scalar Principle
clearly defined line of authority in the organization that includes all employees
Unity of direction
the organization should have a single plan of action to guide managers and workers
Cluster Sample
Cluster sampling is a sampling plan used when mutually homogeneous yet internally heterogeneous groupings are evident in a statistical population.
Cluster sampling is prone to biases.
If the clusters that represent the entire population were formed under a biased opinion, the inferences about the entire population would be biased as well.
Winterized oils
Winterization is the process of chilling oil to 45°F to remove the fatty acids with higher melting points and filtering them out.
This process creates winterized oils that are clear and not cloudy when refrigerated. Winterized oils include corn, soy, and cottonseed commonly used for salad dressings.
7 Functions of Management
Planning
Organizing
Staffing
Directing
Coordinating
Reporting
Budgeting
Metformin interferes with what vitamin?
B12
Par Stock Method
Bring the stock up to par every time an order is placed
Physical Inventory
When a periodic inventory is conducted by counting, weighing, or measuring items of merchandise on hand
Fixed Order Quantity
Fixed order quantity is an inventory system that will help an individual determine:
when to reorder an item (order point) based on average daily use of an item
the number of days it takes from placing the order until delivery (lead time)
backup supplies (safety stock)
Perpetual Inventory
An inventory determined by keeping a continuous record of increases, decreases, and the balance on hand of each item of merchandise.
Sublimation
Freeze-dried foods are produced by removing water from a frozen product.
During this process, frozen liquids transforms directly to a gaseous state without passing back through the liquid phase.
When matter changes from one state to another it is called a phase transition, and this solid-to-gas phase transition is known as sublimation.
Specific
refers to the ability of a test to rule out the presence of a disease in someone who does not have it
Sensitive
indicates how likely a test is to detect a condition when it is actually present in a patient.
Health Care Team Legal Entity
A “healthcare team” is not a legal entity, and so it cannot be sued in an action for negligence.
It is the individual health professionals who make up the team who will be sued.
In a finding of negligence, the courts go on to apportion the responsibility for the harm amongst the health professionals who are negligent depending on the gravity of the individual’s negligence
Who provides insurance for RDs in Canada
For Healthcare Insurance Reciprocal of Canada (HIROC), dietitians are covered under the subscriber (i.e hospital) while ENCON and Dietitians of Canada provide direct dietitians with coverage.
Phenelzine and food
Eating foods high in tyramine while taking phenelzine (a monoamine oxidase inhibitor) can raise the client’s blood pressure to dangerous levels which could cause life-threatening side effects.
Tyramine is found mainly in foods that are fermented, aged, or spoiled.
Rye bread is the only safe option out of these 4 foods provided.
Gouda cheese, smoked salmon and avocados should all be avoided for this client.
Other foods that should be avoided include aged cheeses, yogurt, cured meats and fish, red wine, figs, raisins etc.
