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History April Essay > June Mock > Flashcards

June Mock Flashcards

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1
Q

How many spoke Italian

A

2.5% of the population

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2
Q

What did Metternich set up

A

‘Postal conventions’ - foreign correspondence had to be subjected to Austrian control

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3
Q

Great powers alliance

A

Russia and Prussia were united in the ‘Holy Alliance’ of 1815 with Austria and hated, Britain and France unable to help after 1815, balance of powers

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4
Q

How did the French Revolution cause the 1830-32 revolutions

A

. French Revolution in 1830 saw Charles X abdicated and replaced by the more liberal Louis Philippe
. People thought he would support revolution so it broke out

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5
Q

Strength of Austria in 1830-32

A

By 1831 five of six rulers in Italy called on Austrian troops to help, Piedmont was the exception

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6
Q

What did people fight with in 1830-32

A

Hunting guns, pikes and sythes

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7
Q

What did peasants think about politics

A

Constitutional change was unimportant as daily survival mattered

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8
Q

Agriculture in 1830s

A

. Poor harvests

. Vulnerable to foreign competition

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9
Q

Early Mazzinian failed rising

A

. Bandira brothers
. Only 19 followers
. Peasants told on them

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10
Q

Why was Mazzini out of touch

A

. Absent from Italy for long periods - 40 years total

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11
Q

European harvest failure

A

1846 and 47

. Caused maize and wheat shortages = high prices = riots

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12
Q

When and why did risings start in Naples in 1848

A

January 17th Naples – word of Sicilian revolution reached the Neapolitan mainland, ignited rising

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13
Q

What does Ferdinand give Naples in 1848 and in what month?

A

February 1848 – Ferdinand grants a constitution, though it was very conservative

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14
Q

When do revolutions break out in Vienna and who resigns because of it?

A

. March 1848

. Metternich

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15
Q

What happens with the five glorious days?

A

. March 18th 1848 Lombardy – Following a boycott of tobacco (Austrians had a monopoly over) the Milanese begin the “Five Glorious Days“
. 10,000 people presented a petition for liberal reforms
. Radetzky, withdraws to the quadrilateral
. Lombardy asks Piedmont for an alliance for Austrian protection

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16
Q

Provisional government in Sicily

A

April 1848 – Revolutionaries took over most of the island, middle class moderates established a provisional government, civic guard to control masses

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17
Q

Ferdinand’s counter revolution

A

September 1848 – Ferdinand dispatched 20,000, King Bomba, after a 3 day bombardment

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18
Q

Sicilian revolution result

A

May 1849 – Ferdinand re established autocratic rule in Naples and Sicily

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19
Q

What happens in Rome after the Pope flees?

A

December 1848 - A revolutionary government is established under the leadership of Giuseppe Galletti

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20
Q

Constituente

A

January 1849 – elections held in Rome to elect the Constituente

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21
Q

What do the Trumvirate issue after their reforms in Rome

A

June 1849 - a constitution but are on verge of defeat

. 20,000 French have put city under siege

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22
Q

When do the French enter the Roman republic?

A

July 1849

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23
Q

What does Piedmont initially do in the 1848-49 period and when?

A

March 22nd 1848 – fearing French intervention Charles Albert declares war on Austria and invades Lombardy

24
Q

When does Pius issue his allocation

A

April 29th 1848

25
Q

When did the Pope appoint Count Rossi?

A

September 1848

26
Q

What does Pius do in April 1849

A

Pope Pius IX calls for foreign support to help restore papal power in Rome

27
Q

When is the battle of Custozza

A

July 24th 1848

28
Q

What and when is Charles Alberts second attempt to beat the Austrians?

A

March 1849 – Charles Albert is persuaded by Gioberti and Chiodo to beat the Austrians but Piedmont is crushed at the battle of Novara

29
Q

When does Charles Albert abdicate?

A

March 1849

30
Q

Lack of popular support and unity example of failure

A

. Professional middle classes in Milan
. Venice wanted independence
. In Sicily peasants revolted over food shortages

31
Q

How long did the most successful republics last?

A

. Venetia - 8 months

. Rome - 100 days

32
Q

During the 1848-49 revolutions, how long were the Austrians out of the country?

A

7 months

33
Q

How was the Pope a barrier to unification in the 1850s?

A

Pope excommunicated all who tried to reduce the temporal power of the papacy and in 1850 he returned to Rome and denounced all his earlier reforms

34
Q

Why were revolutionaries in Milan and Venice wary of Charles Albert

A

. He mobilised his forces early March but did not declare war until late March

35
Q

How did Cavour became PM

A

. He asked VEII to make him PM in November 1852

36
Q

How much did Cavour increase trade by?

A

300%

37
Q

What did public debt rise from and to

A

Debt of Piedmont rose from 120 million Lire in 1847 to 725 million Lire by 1859.

38
Q

How much railway did Piedmont have?

A

. 819 km of railway by the end of the 1850s

. 1/3 of the peninsula’s railway

39
Q

Crimean war date of Piedmont’s involvement

A

Cavour got Piedmont involved with the Crimean War and joined in 1855

40
Q

How many Piedmont troops were in Crimea and what was the effect of this?

A

There were 18,000 Piedmontese troops so Piedmont was allowed to the Peace Treaty at the end

41
Q

How big of a role did Piedmont play in Crimea

A

Didn’t play a key role and despite official claims of 2000 deaths only 30 died of wounds, the rest from cholera

42
Q

Piedmont and Britain at the Congress of Paris

A

. Cavour met with Lord Clarendon and only talked about Italian unification at the Congress of Paris
. Britain will defend Piedmont if Austria invade but not start a war to keep balance of powers

43
Q

How did Cavour help the national society?

A

. Cavour allowed the society to grow in Piedmont

. Membership rose to 8000 by 1857

44
Q

Who did Cavour meet with and when?

A

. In 1856 Cavour met Manin

. In 1856 Cavour met Garibaldi to discuss possible war with Austria.

45
Q

VEII impact on Orsini plot

A

VEII saved the day by presenting Piedmont as the best guarantee against the excesses of radicals

46
Q

When was Plombieres

A

July 21st 1858

47
Q

Piedmontese soldiers in 1859

A

. Had to produce army of 100,000 to match Napoleon’s promise of 200,000 French troops
. Only had 20,000 untrained volunteers from National Society + 60,000 Piedmontese soldiers

48
Q

How many Piedmontese died at Magenta?

A

. None

. Brunt of fighting - 5,000 grenadiers of the French Imperial Guard

49
Q

Example of National society helping demonstrations in Florence

A

April 1859 – popular demonstration in Florence caused the Grand Duke Leopold to flee and the creation of a provisional government led by Baron Bettino Ricasoli.

50
Q

Emilia plebiscites

A

. Voted 426,000 to 1,506 for annexation by Piedmont

51
Q

Tuscany plebiscites

A

Tuscany voted 366,571 to 14,925 in favour (however, 153,000 abstained)

52
Q

What name did Garibaldi leave in?

A

‘Italy and Victor Emmanuel’

53
Q

Troop numbers when Gariabldi was in Sicily

A

The thousand, numbering 3000 reached Palermo by the end of May
. There were 20,000 troops waiting, however he soon won and the enemy retreated to Naples

54
Q

What did Garibaldi set up in 1862

A

Society for the Emancipation of Rome

55
Q

Where was Garibaldi defeated and when which caused French troops to stay in Rome?

A

Garibaldi was easily defeated at Mentana on November 3rd 1867 – French were back in Rome

History April Essay (2 decks)

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