June 2023

Question 1

1.2. State how many times heavier a proton is than an electron (1)

Answer 1

1836

Question 2

2.3. Explain why 208Pb+ has a longer time of flight than 206Pb+ (2)

Answer 2

(1) (the ions have the) same kinetic energy

(2) (but 208Pb(+) has a) lower velocity/speed (because it is heavier)

Question 3

4.2. Explain why ice is less dense than liquid water at 0 degrees Celsius. (1)

Answer 3

water / H2O / molecules (in ice) are held further apart (than in liquid water)
or
(more) spaces / gaps / holes in structure of ice

Question 4

5.1. State why aluminium conducts electricity (1)

Answer 4

delocalised electrons move (through the lattice)

Question 5

5.5. Which Period 3 element has the highest 2nd ionisation energy? Argon, Magnesium or Sodium? (1)

Answer 5

Sodium

Question 6

6.1. Explain how VDW forces arise. (3)

Answer 6

(1) temporary/instantaneous dipole in one molecule

(2) (which) induces a (temporary) dipole in another molecule

(3) (and the induced-temporary) dipoles attract or δ+ attracts δ– in different / adjacent molecule

Question 7

6.2. State & explain the trend in boiling points of the halogens from fluorine to iodine. (3)

Answer 7

(1) (boiling point) increases (down group)

(2) (down group) molecules / atoms have more electrons or (down group) molecules / atoms get bigger

(3) (down group) van der Waals forces between molecules are stronger or (down group) intermolecular forces are stronger or (down group) more energy is needed to separate the molecules

Question 8

PLEASE REVISE THE EQUATIONS OF THE REACTIONS OF SULFURIC ACID WITH SODIUM HALIDE !!!