June 14 Flashcards
Describe how plate tectonics cause volcanic activity in the Philippines (3)
At a destructive plate boundary, the denser plate subducts beneath the less dense plate. The melting of the less dense plate causes excess viscous and explosive magma to rise through cracks in the plate which creates a volcano
• Subduction is occurring may explain the denser plate is subducted beneath the other
• Melting of the plate generates rising magma
• Viscous magma and explosive
• May name an example with a detail e.g. Pinatubo 1991 was a VEI scale 6 eruption
• Convection currents (may mention in asthenosphere)
drive convergence
• Credit diagrams showing convection currents correctly
linked to subduction
• May have other process explanation
Identify two geophysical hazards that have affected the Philippines (2)
847 people killed when Mount Pinatubo erupted in 1991
268 people killed by an earthquake in Manila in 1968
Explain why tropical cyclones (typhoons) and flooding both occur frequently in the Philippines. (5)
Philippines is located in cyclone belt approx. 5-25 degrees N and makes some link with rotation / Coriolis Force affected by storms as they blow west in Pacific Ocean
Sea temperatures around 26 degrees C , allowing warm, moist body of air to develop due to intense evaporation which also increases sea level rise (thermal expansion). Floods can be a secondary hazard following on from cyclones and may provide details e.g. low pressure drives storm surges / higher sea levels particularly in low lying areas such as Manila which are vulnerable to flooding. Floods also have other causes, including monsoon rains, La Nina and occasional tsunamis. E.g. Typhoon Haiyan in 2013 flooded many parts of Leyte island.
Explain two ways in which a warming climate can lead to a rise in global sea level (4)
- Eustatic sea level can be caused by the melting of land ice such as the greenland ice sheet which increases the volume of water in the oceans
- Thermal expansion, as the temperature of the water increases as molecules have more energy. Sea temperatures have increased approx 0.6 degrees since 1950.
Suggest one physical reason why the risk of increased coastal flooding is very high for low-lying coastlines (2)
Low lying coastlines are more at risk of storm surges and they are not high enough to avoid high water level e.g. an 8m high storm surge caused by Hurricane Katrina flooded 80% of New Orleans
Suggest possible economic impacts of rising sea levels on developing countries such as those on the African continent (4)
Developing countries usually have few defences for rising sea levels due to the fact that many have small incomes and so remain vulnerable. Many African countries have a large % of GDP from arable and pastoral farming and the loss of land from rising sea levels (e.g. Nile delta) causes great economic losses. The cost of repairing infrastructure is also high. Loss of tourism to Maldives etc. Increased costs of drinking water (salt water incursion in south pacific islands such as Tuvalu). Economic impacts on coastal cities e.g. Lagos or Mumbai and may provide details e.g. loss of informal housing, markets hotels, tourist amenities e.g. Maldives. Infrastructure losses e.g. coastal roads, port, railways, airport
What is meant by carbon footprint per person? (1)
A measure of the CO2 emissions that a person is responsible for
Suggest why there may be variations in the carbon footprint per person (4)
Scottish highlands are likely to have a high carbon footprint due to them being in a periphery location which means food miles and other services such as post etc are likely to be higher which means there is more emissions from transport. Northern parts of the UK are likely to need more heating due to the colder climate so heating uses more energy, which increases carbon footprint.
Explains high footprints for rural areas like Highlands e.g. reliance on cars as public transport is expensive/ unavailable
• May be extended by explaining specific activities (e.g. affects food miles/travel to education/employment)
• Urban areas likely to have more extensive public transport system
• Some local councils encouraging recycling / re-use schemes cheaper to provide in urban area than in dispersed rural settlements
• Compact city living idea for Glasgow / Edinburgh (walking/cycling easier)
• Urban heat island effect/insulation in terraced housing
• Physical factors: Exposed coasts/high relief may increase
heating requirements
Explain how the planting of new forests (afforestation) could assist with: (4)
- Mitigation: New forests increase uptake/absorption of CO2 and acts as a carbon sink idea e.g. Coldplay supported a forest in Mexico in order to offset emissions of their second album
• Using fuel wood reduces fossil fuel consumption
• Reduces impact of enhanced greenhouse effect - Adaptation: increasing forest cover could help reduce effects of flooding / hurricanes as they absorb water and reduce overland flow. Also planting mangrove forests can reduce effect of coastal flooding/ storm surges e.g. in Bangladesh
Give reasons for the global distribution of remittance flows
(3)
Remittances are moving between:
Wealthy countries with job opportunities/higher pay to developing/ lower-income countries
Ex-colonial mother-countries like UK to former colonies
Adjacent countries (e.g. Hong Kong to China)
Countries with existing enclaves
Countries in a trade bloc (e.g. NAFTA: USA to Mexico)
Identify two physical reasons why some places become more switched on than other places (2)
Specific high value natural resources e.g. oil, gas
• Coastline for trade/access
• Location e.g. near market
• Flat land suitable for factories/transport/airport
• Physical barriers which hinder being ‘switched-on’ e.g.
availability of reliable water supply landlocked
Using examples, explain how flows of information can create global networks (4)
Internet enables personal information flows (photos, news) and can create social networks (Facebook/Twitter)
May link to migrants staying in touch with family online shopping
• TNCs use economic “information” (e.g. data/finance/supplies /demand ) to trade/ build global businesses via outsourcing division of labour using for example video-conferencing /skype
• Information about holidays / online booking helps increase tourism e.g. airlines / travel companies, multiplier effects for restaurants / theatres /tourism to remote locations or nearby locations, e.g. London
• Global exchange of knowledge builds ‘learning communities’or‘specialinterestgroups’ e.g.music/ film / media/ gaming communities/ religious groups
What are the main characteristics of members and purpose of OPEC and OECD? (4)
OECD - rich, well-developed countries (mostly MEDCs) aims to help solve global economic issues of its members
OPEC - countries that have become wealthy through sale of oil. Wealthy with petrodollars. sim to regulate and control the price of oil and control supply and demand
Explain why countries join trade blocs such as the EU and NAFTA
By joining trade blocs, countries gain access to larger markets to buy and sell goods (so can benefit from economies of scale) as trade blocs allow free trade between members which it creates through the removal of tariffs and quotas. This gives customers cheaper goods in member countries and helps countries generate wealth through comparative advantage with goods they specialise in which helps countries become wealthier and more developed. The EU also has advantage of a common currency with encourages investment and makes trade easier. Also benefits from free movement of people for employment etc.
Free trade between member states/ trade liberalisation achieved through abolition / relaxation of import / export tariffs or duties allows access to new markets
• Results in cheaper prices to consumers in neighbour countries, to the benefit / profit of producers / firms as well as to customers / consumers ultimately reflected in higher GDP for member states
• Encourages investment (FDI) from TNCs e.g. Cadbury in Poland
• Benefits of common external tariff
• Details of how successful firms prosper by exploiting
comparative advantage and specialising and building
economies of scale
• Attraction of joining Euro currency to encourage foreign
investors
• Credit arguments which may go beyond economic/trade
e.g. security / inter-dependence
Suggest how population growth in developing world megacities is caused by:
Employment pull factors in urban areas: Urban areas often have a wider range of different sectors beyond farming the primary sector farming jobs in rural areas. Urban areas offer both formal and informal jobs (recycling in Dharavi slum in Mumbai) and offer higher wages in tertiary sector jobs (call centres in Mumbai)
Social push factors in rural areas: Rural areas have a lack of services especially secondary education and a lack of healthcare with few hospitals. Brain drain is likely to lead to small, ageing communities which means there are few activities for young people.
