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Uplink NMAT > JULY 27 AM - Biology Part 1 > Flashcards

JULY 27 AM - Biology Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Structural Hierarchy in Living Organisms

A

Atoms —> Molecules —> Cells —> Tissues —> Organs —> Organ Systems —> Organism

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2
Q

Provide function & bond of Carbohydrate

A

Energy/Fuel (Short term), Glycosidic bonds

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3
Q

Provide function and lingkage of Lipids

A

Long term energy, ester linkage

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4
Q

Function and linkage of proteins

A

enzymes, Peptide bond

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5
Q

Function and lingkage of Nucleic acids

A

DNA,RNA and phosphodiester lingkage

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6
Q

define Denaturation

A

destroying of amino acids structure (hence altering function)

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7
Q

which sequence of amino acid cannot be denatured?

A

Primary sequence

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8
Q

the heart pumps blood throughout the body in order to transport ____ and ____ to the different organs

A

nutrients and oxygen

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9
Q

what makes the heart contract involuntarily

A

pacemaker (Sino atrial node)

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10
Q

blood vessel that carries blood (Oxygenated mostly) away from the heart, has thicker and higher pressure

A

Artery

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11
Q

blood vessels, carries Deoxygenated blood (mostly) to Vack to the heart

A

Veins

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12
Q

a tetramer - (has 4 subunits: 4 alpha & 4 beta chain), oxygen transport protein found in RBC

A

Hemoglobin

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13
Q

a monomer (1 subunit), protein found mainly in muscle tissue; storage site for exygen

A

Myoglobin

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14
Q

which has higher affinity with Oxygen (will bind easily with O2) - Myoglobin vs Hemoglobin

A

Myoglobin

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15
Q

the Nervous system

A

detects stimuli and lets us redpond to stimuli

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16
Q

specialized cells in the nervous system that process information

A

Neurons

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17
Q

covers the Axon

A

Myelin sheath

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18
Q

in between the Myelin sheath, where electrical impulses jump

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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19
Q

conduction of action potential from node to node

A

Saltatory conduction

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20
Q

which transmits signals faster? myelinated vs unmyelinated

A

Myelinated

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21
Q

branch of the nervous system in charge for higher level thinking

A

Central nervous system

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22
Q

organ in CNS in charge for coordinating movement and balance, non verbal learning and memory, monitors motor commands from the cerebrum

A

Cerebellum

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23
Q

characterized for drunken gait

A

Ataxia

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24
Q

what will happen to the mice if you removed cerebellum

A

will not be able to stand up and walk

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25
Q

part of nervous system which involves the nerves, divided into Somatic & Autonomic

A

Peripheral nervous system

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26
Q

also called adrenergic system, “fight or flight”, breathing & HR, BF to muscles, kapag aligaga tayo

A

Peripheral nervous system: Sympathetic

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27
Q

aka cholinergic nervous system, “rest and digest” stimualtes intestinal motility, digestive enzymes

A

Peripheral nervous system: Parasympathetic

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28
Q

which system is working when you were chased by a dog and immediately reached your house

A

Sympathetic nervous system (since you are still not sure whether the dog is still chasing you)

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29
Q

which system is working when you fall down from a bridge

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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30
Q

the stomach needs to be acidic because

A

it needs to break down molecules

31
Q

this protects the stomach from its acidic environment (para hindi niya makain sarili niya)

A

mucin neck cell which secretes mucus

32
Q

which is more acidic (stomach or small intestine?)

A

stomach

33
Q

digestive organ which also has own secretions of acid but would mostly be bicarbonate (basic)

A

small intestine

34
Q

chemical signals responsible for homeostasis (physiologic balance) in the body

A

hormones

35
Q

it secretes enzymes, transported through ducts, has target organs near gland (sweat gland secretes sweat to skin)

A

exocrine system (duct gland)

36
Q

hormone secreted by pituitary gland delivered via bloodtream to uterus (distant from gland) in order to induce labor

A

Oxytocin

37
Q

glands which secrete hormones into the bloodstream

A

endocrine glands

38
Q

type of eXocrine gland where NO part of the cell is lost (e.g. Salivary)

A

Merocrine

39
Q

type of eXocrine gland where some parts of the cells are lost along with secretions (e.g. Mamary)

A

Apocrine

40
Q

type of eXocrine gland where the whole cell detaches with secretions (e.g. Sweat, oil)

A

Holocrine

41
Q

endcrine gland located in the area of Adam’s apple, secretes 3 hormones

A

Thyroid

42
Q

three hormones released by Thyroid gland

A

Thyroxine (T4), Triiodythronine (T3), Calcitonin

43
Q

secreted by Thyroid gland - active form in the body, stimulates cellular metabolism, lipid production

A

T3 (Triodothyronine)

44
Q

secreted by Thyroid gland for BLOOD calcium regulation, decrease blood calcium, active during bone build up (kukuha ng excess Ca from blood then ilalagay sa bone)

A

Calcitonin

45
Q

endocrine gland that secretes Epinephrine & Norepinephrine (Fight/Flight hormones)

A

adrenal gland (medulla)

46
Q

secretes Cortisol, aldosterone and androgens

A

adrenal gland (cortex)

47
Q

released by Adrenal gland (cortex), stress hormone, activates stress response to regulate glucose concentrations

A

Cortisol

48
Q

adrenal gland (cortex) that regulates salt and BP

A

Aldosterone

49
Q

responsible for production of Milk

A

Prolactin

50
Q

responsible for milk projection (breast feeding, uterine muscle contraction during childbirth), secreted by Pituitary gland

A

Oxytocin

51
Q

secreted by the Pituitary gland, inhibits urination (ANTIdiuretic) stimulates water retention

A

Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone)

52
Q

you have a stab wound patient, has blood loss - what do you expect for BP?

A

DECREASE blood pressure (pressure of blood pushing against walls of arteries)

53
Q

compensation of body when BP is decreased (in terms of Vasopressin; inhibit or stimulate?)

A

stimulates Vasopressin to inhibit urination (to inhibit loss of fluid volume)

54
Q

which cell will secrete insultin (pancreatic islets of Langerhans), functions to decrease blood sugar (for storage of sugar), released when we are full

A

Insulin (beta cell)

55
Q

hormone secreted by Pancreatic islets of Langerhans, functions to increase blood sugar, released when we are hungry

A

Glucagon (alpha cell)

56
Q

hormone that INCREASES blood calcium (serum calcium concentrations from bone tissue)

A 
Parathyroid hormone (Parathormone) 
secreted by Parathryroid gland (PTH)
57
Q

the Parathyroid hormone is secreted, which process is stimulated (bone build up or bone degradation?)

A

bone degradation

58
Q

enlarged Thyroid (lobe) mass, blocks airways

A

Goiter

59
Q

solid ball of cells

A

Morula

60
Q

hollow ball of cells

A

Blastula

61
Q

Gastrula

A

established (3) germ layers

62
Q

outermost layer of cells

A

Ectoderm

63
Q

middle layer of cells

A

Mesoderm

64
Q

innermost layer of cells

A

Endoderm

65
Q

type of regulation:

Thyroid (normal) - decreases - signal for Thyroid to produce more hormones = if too many; will stop prod

Low blood sugar - releases Glucagon to stop Glucose production

A

Negative feedback

66
Q

type of feedback regulation:

  • signal for release of Oxytocin stretching cervix (by contraction of uterus)
  • wounded tissue, activates platelets: until formation of blood clot
A

Positive feedback

67
Q

type of offication, starting from stem cells evolving to bone cells (osteocytes)

A

Intramembranous ossification

68
Q

type of ossification where bone formation starts from cartilage template

A

Endochondral ossification

69
Q

non-specific type of immunity, protects us from harmful substances (e.g. skin)

A

Innate immunity

70
Q

specific type of immunity

A

Acquired immunity

71
Q

does not invovle antibodies (only phagocytes, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, cytokines)

CD4 (helper) - to further stimulate immune response, CD8 (Cytotoxic) - ACTUALLY fights antigens (viruses)

A

Cell-mediated

72
Q

involves ANTIBODIES (recognize Antigens) / proteins, has two types: Active & passive immunity

A

Humoral immunity

73
Q

type of Humoral immunity (e.g. Measles, gumaling ka, katawan mismo produces antibodies to fight virus), for LONG-TERM protection (since our bodies remembers antigen for our bodies to create antigens) - stabel source!

A

Active immunity

74
Q

type of Humoral immunity where antibodies are NOT produced by the body; obtained elsewhere (e.g. breastfeeding - breast of mother will have antibodies to protect babies’ diseases, rabies/tetanus vaccine - binibigyan tayo ng antibodies), for SHORT TERM protection

A

Passive immunity

Uplink NMAT (4 decks)

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