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Uplink NMAT > JULY 27 AM - Biology Part 1 > Flashcards

JULY 27 AM - Biology Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Structural Hierarchy in Living Organisms

A

Atoms —> Molecules —> Cells —> Tissues —> Organs —> Organ Systems —> Organism

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2
Q

Provide function & bond of Carbohydrate

A

Energy/Fuel (Short term), Glycosidic bonds

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3
Q

Provide function and lingkage of Lipids

A

Long term energy, ester linkage

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4
Q

Function and linkage of proteins

A

enzymes, Peptide bond

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5
Q

Function and lingkage of Nucleic acids

A

DNA,RNA and phosphodiester lingkage

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6
Q

define Denaturation

A

destroying of amino acids structure (hence altering function)

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7
Q

which sequence of amino acid cannot be denatured?

A

Primary sequence

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8
Q

the heart pumps blood throughout the body in order to transport ____ and ____ to the different organs

A

nutrients and oxygen

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9
Q

what makes the heart contract involuntarily

A

pacemaker (Sino atrial node)

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10
Q

blood vessel that carries blood (Oxygenated mostly) away from the heart, has thicker and higher pressure

A

Artery

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11
Q

blood vessels, carries Deoxygenated blood (mostly) to Vack to the heart

A

Veins

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12
Q

a tetramer - (has 4 subunits: 4 alpha & 4 beta chain), oxygen transport protein found in RBC

A

Hemoglobin

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13
Q

a monomer (1 subunit), protein found mainly in muscle tissue; storage site for exygen

A

Myoglobin

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14
Q

which has higher affinity with Oxygen (will bind easily with O2) - Myoglobin vs Hemoglobin

A

Myoglobin

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15
Q

the Nervous system

A

detects stimuli and lets us redpond to stimuli

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16
Q

specialized cells in the nervous system that process information

A

Neurons

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17
Q

covers the Axon

A

Myelin sheath

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18
Q

in between the Myelin sheath, where electrical impulses jump

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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19
Q

conduction of action potential from node to node

A

Saltatory conduction

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20
Q

which transmits signals faster? myelinated vs unmyelinated

A

Myelinated

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21
Q

branch of the nervous system in charge for higher level thinking

A

Central nervous system

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22
Q

organ in CNS in charge for coordinating movement and balance, non verbal learning and memory, monitors motor commands from the cerebrum

A

Cerebellum

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23
Q

characterized for drunken gait

A

Ataxia

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24
Q

what will happen to the mice if you removed cerebellum

A

will not be able to stand up and walk

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25
part of nervous system which involves the nerves, divided into Somatic & Autonomic
Peripheral nervous system
26
also called adrenergic system, “fight or flight”, breathing & HR, BF to muscles, kapag aligaga tayo
Peripheral nervous system: Sympathetic
27
aka cholinergic nervous system, “rest and digest” stimualtes intestinal motility, digestive enzymes
Peripheral nervous system: Parasympathetic
28
which system is working when you were chased by a dog and immediately reached your house
Sympathetic nervous system (since you are still not sure whether the dog is still chasing you)
29
which system is working when you fall down from a bridge
Sympathetic nervous system
30
the stomach needs to be acidic because
it needs to break down molecules
31
this protects the stomach from its acidic environment (para hindi niya makain sarili niya)
mucin neck cell which secretes mucus
32
which is more acidic (stomach or small intestine?)
stomach
33
digestive organ which also has own secretions of acid but would mostly be bicarbonate (basic)
small intestine
34
chemical signals responsible for homeostasis (physiologic balance) in the body
hormones
35
it secretes enzymes, transported through ducts, has target organs near gland (sweat gland secretes sweat to skin)
exocrine system (duct gland)
36
hormone secreted by pituitary gland delivered via bloodtream to uterus (distant from gland) in order to induce labor
Oxytocin
37
glands which secrete hormones into the bloodstream
endocrine glands
38
type of eXocrine gland where NO part of the cell is lost (e.g. Salivary)
Merocrine
39
type of eXocrine gland where some parts of the cells are lost along with secretions (e.g. Mamary)
Apocrine
40
type of eXocrine gland where the whole cell detaches with secretions (e.g. Sweat, oil)
Holocrine
41
endcrine gland located in the area of Adam’s apple, secretes 3 hormones
Thyroid
42
three hormones released by Thyroid gland
Thyroxine (T4), Triiodythronine (T3), Calcitonin
43
secreted by Thyroid gland - active form in the body, stimulates cellular metabolism, lipid production
T3 (Triodothyronine)
44
secreted by Thyroid gland for BLOOD calcium regulation, decrease blood calcium, active during bone build up (kukuha ng excess Ca from blood then ilalagay sa bone)
Calcitonin
45
endocrine gland that secretes Epinephrine & Norepinephrine (Fight/Flight hormones)
adrenal gland (medulla)
46
secretes Cortisol, aldosterone and androgens
adrenal gland (cortex)
47
released by Adrenal gland (cortex), stress hormone, activates stress response to regulate glucose concentrations
Cortisol
48
adrenal gland (cortex) that regulates salt and BP
Aldosterone
49
responsible for production of Milk
Prolactin
50
responsible for milk projection (breast feeding, uterine muscle contraction during childbirth), secreted by Pituitary gland
Oxytocin
51
secreted by the Pituitary gland, inhibits urination (ANTIdiuretic) stimulates water retention
Vasopressin (Antidiuretic Hormone)
52
you have a stab wound patient, has blood loss - what do you expect for BP?
DECREASE blood pressure (pressure of blood pushing against walls of arteries)
53
compensation of body when BP is decreased (in terms of Vasopressin; inhibit or stimulate?)
stimulates Vasopressin to inhibit urination (to inhibit loss of fluid volume)
54
which cell will secrete insultin (pancreatic islets of Langerhans), functions to decrease blood sugar (for storage of sugar), released when we are full
Insulin (beta cell)
55
hormone secreted by Pancreatic islets of Langerhans, functions to increase blood sugar, released when we are hungry
Glucagon (alpha cell)
56
hormone that INCREASES blood calcium (serum calcium concentrations from bone tissue)
``` Parathyroid hormone (Parathormone) secreted by Parathryroid gland (PTH) ```
57
the Parathyroid hormone is secreted, which process is stimulated (bone build up or bone degradation?)
bone degradation
58
enlarged Thyroid (lobe) mass, blocks airways
Goiter
59
solid ball of cells
Morula
60
hollow ball of cells
Blastula
61
Gastrula
established (3) germ layers
62
outermost layer of cells
Ectoderm
63
middle layer of cells
Mesoderm
64
innermost layer of cells
Endoderm
65
type of regulation: Thyroid (normal) - decreases - signal for Thyroid to produce more hormones = if too many; will stop prod Low blood sugar - releases Glucagon to stop Glucose production
Negative feedback
66
type of feedback regulation: - signal for release of Oxytocin stretching cervix (by contraction of uterus) - wounded tissue, activates platelets: until formation of blood clot
Positive feedback
67
type of offication, starting from stem cells evolving to bone cells (osteocytes)
Intramembranous ossification
68
type of ossification where bone formation starts from cartilage template
Endochondral ossification
69
non-specific type of immunity, protects us from harmful substances (e.g. skin)
Innate immunity
70
specific type of immunity
Acquired immunity
71
does not invovle antibodies (only phagocytes, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, cytokines) CD4 (helper) - to further stimulate immune response, CD8 (Cytotoxic) - ACTUALLY fights antigens (viruses)
Cell-mediated
72
involves ANTIBODIES (recognize Antigens) / proteins, has two types: Active & passive immunity
Humoral immunity
73
type of Humoral immunity (e.g. Measles, gumaling ka, katawan mismo produces antibodies to fight virus), for LONG-TERM protection (since our bodies remembers antigen for our bodies to create antigens) - stabel source!
Active immunity
74
type of Humoral immunity where antibodies are NOT produced by the body; obtained elsewhere (e.g. breastfeeding - breast of mother will have antibodies to protect babies’ diseases, rabies/tetanus vaccine - binibigyan tayo ng antibodies), for SHORT TERM protection
Passive immunity

Uplink NMAT (4 decks)

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