jugular and right atrial pressure Flashcards

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1
Q

in atrial pressure what do a wave, c wave, x descent, v wave and y descent represent?

A
a wave: atrial contraction
c wave: isovolumetric contraction
x descent: atrial relaxation, valve descends
v wave: atrial filling
y wave: filling of ventricle
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2
Q

AV first degree block

A

PR interval is greater than 0.20 seconds

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3
Q

AV second degree block

A

two types
type 1 Mobitz 1 or Wenkeback - progressive prolongation of PR
type 2 Mobitz II - PR remains unchanged but suddenly fails to conduct to ventricles

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4
Q

AV third degree block

A

no association between P and QRS

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5
Q

Simple ST segment elevation means

A

Acute ischemia

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6
Q

ST elevation; decreased R wave, Q wave begins

A

Hours of ischemia

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7
Q

T wave inversion and deeper Q wave

A

days 1-2 of ischemia

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8
Q

ST normalizes, T wave inverted

A

days later past inschemia

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9
Q

ST ans T normal, Q wave persists means

A

weeks after ischemia

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10
Q

EKG: ST elevation II, III, aVF

ST depression V1, V2, V3 or I, aVL

A

auction MI inferior

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11
Q

determining heart rate

A

R-R interval, count large boxes and divide into three hundred

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12
Q

three main signs of infarct or injury

A

T wave reversals
ST segment elevation
Q waves significant

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13
Q

Heart circle: top and bottom degreews, left and right

A

top: -90
bottom: 90
left = 180
right = 0

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14
Q

what is in right upper quadrant of circle?

A

-90 to 0 degrees quadrant
-60
-30
at -30 aVL (left, makes sense)
at 0 lead I

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15
Q

what is in right lower quadrant of circle

A
0 to 90 degrees
30
60
90
at 60 lead II
at 90 aVF (foot, botom)
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16
Q

what is left lower quadrant of circle

A
90 degrees to 180 degrees
120
150
180
at 120 lead III
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17
Q

what is left upper quadrant of cricle

A

180 to -90 degrees

  • 150
  • 120
  • 90
  • 150 I have aVR
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18
Q

how does baroreceptor reflex affect pressure

A

via medulla, pns or sns, CO and systemic peripheral resistance

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19
Q

six steps for EKG evaluation

A
Rate
Rhythm
Interval
Axis
Hypertrophy
Infarct
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20
Q

How do you determine rate

A

R R segment, no of large boxes divided into 300

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21
Q

Rhythm determination 4 steps

A
  1. are there P waves
  2. is QRS wide or narrow
  3. is rhythm regular
  4. who’s married to whom; P related to QRS
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22
Q

How do you determine normalcy of PR interval?

A

PR too short if less than 3 little boxes

PR too long is larger than 1 large box

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23
Q

normaly of QRS interval?

A

less than 0.10 seconds normal

> 0.10 seconds wide (more than 1/2 large box)

24
Q

normalcy of QT inverval

A

prolonged if > half of RR interval

25
Q

Axis determination

A

the sharpest QRS will tell you direction of heart on circle

26
Q

which leads have upside down QRS

A

V2 and V3

27
Q

ecg criteria for hypertrophy

A

increase of wave amplitude
increase of wave duration
electric axis deviation

28
Q

four types of arrhythmias

A

conductional abnormalities
sinus arrhythmia
supraventricular arrhythmia
ventricular arrhythmia

29
Q

types of altered conduction

A

sinus node block
AV block
bundle branch block

30
Q

Ion channels involved in ventricular action potential

A
phase 4 = Ik1 -= leak channels
phase 0 - I Na TTx sensitive
Phase 1  ITO, K+ transient
Phase 2, IK (delayed rectifier) Ltype Ca channels
Pahse 3, Ik and Ik1
31
Q

what ion channels involved in pacemaker cell action potential

A

Na, so If or funny channels
Ca, T type
Ca, L Type
K, Ik, delayed rectifier

32
Q

Ivabradine

A

IF channel blocker

33
Q

EKG hyperkalemia

A

tall peaked T wave

34
Q

EKG severe hyperkalemia

A

flattened Pm widened QRS

35
Q

EGC hypokalemia

A

ST depression, flattened/ prominent U wave

36
Q

MAP formulas

A
MAP= CO x TPR
MAP = diastolic + (systolic - diastolic)/3
37
Q

compliance formula

A

C = deltaV / deltaP

38
Q

distensibility

A

D = deltaV/ deltaP x Vi

39
Q

pulse pressure formulas

A

deltaP = SV/C

Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

40
Q

cardiac index formula

A

CO/BSA

41
Q

venous return is always equal to

A

cardiac output

42
Q

cathether pressure right auricle

A

5/0

43
Q

catheter pressure right ventricle

A

25/0

44
Q

catheter pressure pulmonary artery

A

25/10

45
Q

cat pressure pulmonary capillaries

A

10/5

46
Q

cat prerssure pulmonary vein

A

8/2

47
Q

cat pressure left auricle

A

12/0

48
Q

ekg corresponds with cardiac cycle how

A

P: right before atrial systole
QRS: right before rise in ventricular pressure
T right at dicrotic notch

49
Q

epi and NE receptors

A

epi, alpha 1 and 2, beta 1 and 2

ne all but beta 2

50
Q

3 effects of histamine

A

capillary permeability up
arteriolar dilation
bronchial constriction

51
Q

see “opposite direction” think

A

action potential in ventricle

52
Q

copd sign in ekg

A

large upright waves in lead III and aVG

53
Q

positive pressure in hyperventilation slows pressure. why

A

higher thoracic pressure impedes venous return

54
Q

which calcium channels make depolarization happen faster?

A

t channels

55
Q

law of laplace

A

tension: pressure x radius

56
Q

what will happen to pressure of heart during cardiac tamponade

A

rise

57
Q

poiuseuiile

A

delta P = 8nLQ/ pir^4