jugular and right atrial pressure

Question 1

in atrial pressure what do a wave, c wave, x descent, v wave and y descent represent?

Answer 1

a wave: atrial contraction
c wave: isovolumetric contraction
x descent: atrial relaxation, valve descends
v wave: atrial filling
y wave: filling of ventricle

Question 2

AV first degree block

Answer 2

PR interval is greater than 0.20 seconds

Question 3

AV second degree block

Answer 3

two types
type 1 Mobitz 1 or Wenkeback - progressive prolongation of PR
type 2 Mobitz II - PR remains unchanged but suddenly fails to conduct to ventricles

Question 4

AV third degree block

Answer 4

no association between P and QRS

Question 5

Simple ST segment elevation means

Answer 5

Acute ischemia

Question 6

ST elevation; decreased R wave, Q wave begins

Answer 6

Hours of ischemia

Question 7

T wave inversion and deeper Q wave

Answer 7

days 1-2 of ischemia

Question 8

ST normalizes, T wave inverted

Answer 8

days later past inschemia

Question 9

ST ans T normal, Q wave persists means

Answer 9

weeks after ischemia

Question 10

EKG: ST elevation II, III, aVF

ST depression V1, V2, V3 or I, aVL

Answer 10

auction MI inferior

Question 11

determining heart rate

Answer 11

R-R interval, count large boxes and divide into three hundred

Question 12

three main signs of infarct or injury

Answer 12

T wave reversals
ST segment elevation
Q waves significant

Question 13

Heart circle: top and bottom degreews, left and right

Answer 13

top: -90
bottom: 90
left = 180
right = 0

Question 14

what is in right upper quadrant of circle?

Answer 14

-90 to 0 degrees quadrant
-60
-30
at -30 aVL (left, makes sense)
at 0 lead I

Question 15

what is in right lower quadrant of circle

Answer 15

0 to 90 degrees
30
60
90
at 60 lead II
at 90 aVF (foot, botom)

Question 16

what is left lower quadrant of circle

Answer 16

90 degrees to 180 degrees
120
150
180
at 120 lead III

Question 17

what is left upper quadrant of cricle

Answer 17

180 to -90 degrees

• 150
• 120
• 90
• 150 I have aVR

Question 18

how does baroreceptor reflex affect pressure

Answer 18

via medulla, pns or sns, CO and systemic peripheral resistance

Question 19

six steps for EKG evaluation

Answer 19

Rate
Rhythm
Interval
Axis
Hypertrophy
Infarct

Question 20

How do you determine rate

Answer 20

R R segment, no of large boxes divided into 300

Question 21

Rhythm determination 4 steps

Answer 21

1. are there P waves
2. is QRS wide or narrow
3. is rhythm regular
4. who’s married to whom; P related to QRS

Question 22

How do you determine normalcy of PR interval?

Answer 22

PR too short if less than 3 little boxes

PR too long is larger than 1 large box

Question 23

normaly of QRS interval?

Answer 23

less than 0.10 seconds normal

> 0.10 seconds wide (more than 1/2 large box)

Question 24

normalcy of QT inverval

Answer 24

prolonged if > half of RR interval

Question 25

Axis determination

Answer 25

the sharpest QRS will tell you direction of heart on circle

Question 26

which leads have upside down QRS

Answer 26

V2 and V3

Question 27

ecg criteria for hypertrophy

Answer 27

increase of wave amplitude increase of wave duration electric axis deviation

Question 28

four types of arrhythmias

Answer 28

conductional abnormalities sinus arrhythmia supraventricular arrhythmia ventricular arrhythmia

Question 29

types of altered conduction

Answer 29

sinus node block AV block bundle branch block

Question 30

Ion channels involved in ventricular action potential

Answer 30

``` phase 4 = Ik1 -= leak channels phase 0 - I Na TTx sensitive Phase 1 ITO, K+ transient Phase 2, IK (delayed rectifier) Ltype Ca channels Pahse 3, Ik and Ik1 ```

Question 31

what ion channels involved in pacemaker cell action potential

Answer 31

Na, so If or funny channels Ca, T type Ca, L Type K, Ik, delayed rectifier

Question 32

Ivabradine

Answer 32

IF channel blocker

Question 33

EKG hyperkalemia

Answer 33

tall peaked T wave

Question 34

EKG severe hyperkalemia

Answer 34

flattened Pm widened QRS

Question 35

EGC hypokalemia

Answer 35

ST depression, flattened/ prominent U wave

Question 36

MAP formulas

Answer 36

``` MAP= CO x TPR MAP = diastolic + (systolic - diastolic)/3 ```

Question 37

compliance formula

Answer 37

C = deltaV / deltaP

Question 38

distensibility

Answer 38

D = deltaV/ deltaP x Vi

Question 39

pulse pressure formulas

Answer 39

deltaP = SV/C | Systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

Question 40

cardiac index formula

Answer 40

CO/BSA

Question 41

venous return is always equal to

Answer 41

cardiac output

Question 42

cathether pressure right auricle

Answer 42

5/0

Question 43

catheter pressure right ventricle

Answer 43

25/0

Question 44

catheter pressure pulmonary artery

Answer 44

25/10

Question 45

cat pressure pulmonary capillaries

Answer 45

10/5

Question 46

cat prerssure pulmonary vein

Answer 46

8/2

Question 47

cat pressure left auricle

Answer 47

12/0

Question 48

ekg corresponds with cardiac cycle how

Answer 48

P: right before atrial systole QRS: right before rise in ventricular pressure T right at dicrotic notch

Question 49

epi and NE receptors

Answer 49

epi, alpha 1 and 2, beta 1 and 2 | ne all but beta 2

Question 50

3 effects of histamine

Answer 50

capillary permeability up arteriolar dilation bronchial constriction

Question 51

see "opposite direction" think

Answer 51

action potential in ventricle

Question 52

copd sign in ekg

Answer 52

large upright waves in lead III and aVG

Question 53

positive pressure in hyperventilation slows pressure. why

Answer 53

higher thoracic pressure impedes venous return

Question 54

which calcium channels make depolarization happen faster?

Answer 54

t channels

Question 55

law of laplace

Answer 55

tension: pressure x radius

Question 56

what will happen to pressure of heart during cardiac tamponade

Answer 56

rise

Question 57

poiuseuiile

Answer 57

delta P = 8nLQ/ pir^4