JUDGMENT AND PROPOSITION Flashcards
Activities of the human mind
1.) Mental Operations
2.) Mental Product
3.) External Sign
4.) Judgement
5.) Enunciation
6.) Proposition
- the act of recognizing something as true or
false, existent or nonexistent, or right or
wrong based on reasoning and
understanding. - It needs simple apprehension since without
ideas to be compared NO judgment can take
place
JUDGMENT
Judgment results in a proposition, a statement that expresses a complete thought
Examples:
All humans are mortal.
(humans – subject term, mortal – predicate term or attribute)
Formation of Propositions
The mind either affirms (accepts) or denies (rejects) a relationship between a subject and a predicate.
Examples:
Dogs are mammals. (affirmation)
Nurses are not doctors. (denial)
Affirmation or Denial
Judgment is essential for logical
thinking, allowing us to form arguments,
make decisions, and discern reality.
Examples:
If all men are mortal, and Socrates is a man, then
Socrates is mortal.
Foundation of Reasoning
1.)
Affirmative: All birds have wings. (True)
Negative: Some dogs are not mammals. (False)
2.)
If it rains, the ground will be wet.
If a number is even, then it is divisible by 2
1.) 1. Categorical Propositions (Affirming or Denying a Relationship)
2.) Hypothetical (Conditional) Propositions (If-Then
Statements)
1.) it is the one spoken of
the one about whom or which something is denied or affirmed
2.) it is what is affirmed or denied of the subject
3.)
It links the subject with the predicate
it is the verb ‘to be’: is, am, are (affirmative)
is, am, are not (negative)
1.) SUBJECT
2.) PREDICATE
3.) COPULA
Every judgment carries a truth value,
meaning it is either true or false based
on logic and reality
Examples:
The sun rises in the east. (True)
2 + 2 = 5 (False)
Truth and Falsity
- a declarative statement that
expresses a judgment and can be
classified as either true or false - a statement which affirms or
denies something about a certain
reality or object. - It consists of a subject, a
predicate, and a copula that links
them.
PROPOSITION
Logical propositions focus on the
relationship between the subject and
predicate, regardless of time.
Example:
Grammatical - The sun was a star.
Logical Form: The sun is a star. (Ten
Tenses are Irrelevant
The word “is” in logic does not refer to
time but simply connects the subject
and predicate.
Example:
Dinosaurs are extinct animals.
(Even though dinosaurs lived in the
past, the statement is logically valid in
the present tense.)
The Copula “Is” Should Be Taken in a Tenseless Sense
Instead of modifying the copula, past and future elements are treated as part of the predicate.
Example:
Grammatical - Socrates was a philosopher.
Logical Form - Socrates is someone who was a
philosopher
Past and Future Forms Are Usually Considered Part of the Predicate
In logic, singular and plural distinctions are often ignored
because propositions focus on the relationship between
concepts rather than specific quantities.
Example : Singular vs. Plural Subjects
Grammatical Statements - A cat is a mammal. Cats are
mammals.
Logical Form – “A cat is a mammal” and “Cats are
mammals” express the same logical proposition.
Number is Irrelevant
Determined by the quality of the copula
QUALITY OF PROPOSITION
THE quantity of the proposition is equivalent
to the quantity of its subject
❑ whenever the predicate term accepts something of the subject term
Example: All roses are flowers.
AFFIRMATIVE
❑ whenever the predicate term negates or denies something of the subject term
Example: A squash is not an eggplant
NEGATIVE
Specific individuals or unique entities
Examples:
Socrates is a philosopher.
Mount Everest is the highest mountain
Proper Names
1.) if the subject stands for a single definite individual or group
2.) if the subject designates an indefinite part of its total extension
3.) if the subject can apply to every portion signified by the term
1.) SINGULAR
2.) PARTICULAR
3.) UNIVERSAL
– Phrases that identify a unique
object
Examples
The president of the U.S. is Donald Trump.
The hospital is technologically equipped.
Definite Descriptions
Words like “this,”
“that,” “these,” “those” referring to specific objects.
Examples:
This patient is cheerful despite the pain he is in.
That car is my friend’s favorite.
Demonstrative Pronouns
“He,” “She,” or “It” when
referring to specific persons or things.
Examples:
He is the CEO of the company.
She is the champion in athletics last year.
Personal Pronouns
If the quality of the proposition is negative, the
quantity of the predicate is automatically universal
Examples.
Most ideas are not expressed.
Some opinions are not right.
UNIVERSAL
Examples:
The flock of bird flies in V formation.
The orchestra plays harmonious music.
Collective Nouns
Examples:
The first Filipino saint is Lorenzo Ruiz.
The most charming lad in the class is
also kind
Nouns modified by adjectives in
superlative degree
- To determine the quantity of the predicate, the point of
reference will be the quality of the proposition,
whether affirmative or negative
QUANTITY OR EXTENSION OF PREDICATE
If the quality of the proposition is affirmative,
the quantity of the predicate is automatically
Examples.
The modern technology is the solution to our
problem.
Some senatorial candidates are righteous
PARTICULAR
