JUDGMENT AND PROPOSITION Flashcards

1
Q

Activities of the human mind

A

1.) Mental Operations
2.) Mental Product
3.) External Sign
4.) Judgement
5.) Enunciation
6.) Proposition

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2
Q
  • the act of recognizing something as true or
    false, existent or nonexistent, or right or
    wrong based on reasoning and
    understanding.
  • It needs simple apprehension since without
    ideas to be compared NO judgment can take
    place
A

JUDGMENT

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3
Q

Judgment results in a proposition, a statement that expresses a complete thought

Examples:
All humans are mortal.
(humans – subject term, mortal – predicate term or attribute)

A

Formation of Propositions

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4
Q

The mind either affirms (accepts) or denies (rejects) a relationship between a subject and a predicate.

Examples:
Dogs are mammals. (affirmation)
Nurses are not doctors. (denial)

A

Affirmation or Denial

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5
Q

Judgment is essential for logical
thinking, allowing us to form arguments,
make decisions, and discern reality.

Examples:
If all men are mortal, and Socrates is a man, then
Socrates is mortal.

A

Foundation of Reasoning

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6
Q

1.)
Affirmative: All birds have wings. (True)
Negative: Some dogs are not mammals. (False)

2.)
If it rains, the ground will be wet.
If a number is even, then it is divisible by 2

A

1.) 1. Categorical Propositions (Affirming or Denying a Relationship)

2.) Hypothetical (Conditional) Propositions (If-Then
Statements)

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6
Q

1.) it is the one spoken of

the one about whom or which something is denied or affirmed

2.) it is what is affirmed or denied of the subject

3.)

It links the subject with the predicate

it is the verb ‘to be’: is, am, are (affirmative)

is, am, are not (negative)

A

1.) SUBJECT
2.) PREDICATE
3.) COPULA

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6
Q

Every judgment carries a truth value,
meaning it is either true or false based
on logic and reality

Examples:
The sun rises in the east. (True)
2 + 2 = 5 (False)

A

Truth and Falsity

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7
Q
  • a declarative statement that
    expresses a judgment and can be
    classified as either true or false
  • a statement which affirms or
    denies something about a certain
    reality or object.
  • It consists of a subject, a
    predicate, and a copula that links
    them.
A

PROPOSITION

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8
Q

Logical propositions focus on the
relationship between the subject and
predicate, regardless of time.

Example:
Grammatical - The sun was a star.
Logical Form: The sun is a star. (Ten

A

Tenses are Irrelevant

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8
Q

The word “is” in logic does not refer to
time but simply connects the subject
and predicate.

Example:
Dinosaurs are extinct animals.
(Even though dinosaurs lived in the
past, the statement is logically valid in
the present tense.)

A

The Copula “Is” Should Be Taken in a Tenseless Sense

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9
Q

Instead of modifying the copula, past and future elements are treated as part of the predicate.

Example:
Grammatical - Socrates was a philosopher.
Logical Form - Socrates is someone who was a
philosopher

A

Past and Future Forms Are Usually Considered Part of the Predicate

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9
Q

In logic, singular and plural distinctions are often ignored
because propositions focus on the relationship between
concepts rather than specific quantities.

Example : Singular vs. Plural Subjects
Grammatical Statements - A cat is a mammal. Cats are
mammals.

Logical Form – “A cat is a mammal” and “Cats are
mammals” express the same logical proposition.

A

Number is Irrelevant

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10
Q

Determined by the quality of the copula

A

QUALITY OF PROPOSITION

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11
Q

THE quantity of the proposition is equivalent

A

to the quantity of its subject

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12
Q

❑ whenever the predicate term accepts something of the subject term

Example: All roses are flowers.

A

AFFIRMATIVE

13
Q

❑ whenever the predicate term negates or denies something of the subject term

Example: A squash is not an eggplant

14
Q

Specific individuals or unique entities

Examples:
Socrates is a philosopher.
Mount Everest is the highest mountain

A

Proper Names

14
Q

1.) if the subject stands for a single definite individual or group

2.) if the subject designates an indefinite part of its total extension

3.) if the subject can apply to every portion signified by the term

A

1.) SINGULAR
2.) PARTICULAR
3.) UNIVERSAL

15
Q

– Phrases that identify a unique
object

Examples
The president of the U.S. is Donald Trump.
The hospital is technologically equipped.

A

Definite Descriptions

16
Q

Words like “this,”
“that,” “these,” “those” referring to specific objects.

Examples:
This patient is cheerful despite the pain he is in.
That car is my friend’s favorite.

A

Demonstrative Pronouns

17
Q

“He,” “She,” or “It” when
referring to specific persons or things.

Examples:
He is the CEO of the company.
She is the champion in athletics last year.

A

Personal Pronouns

18
Q

If the quality of the proposition is negative, the
quantity of the predicate is automatically

Examples.
Most ideas are not expressed.
Some opinions are not right.

19
Q

Examples:
The flock of bird flies in V formation.
The orchestra plays harmonious music.

A

Collective Nouns

20
Q

Examples:
The first Filipino saint is Lorenzo Ruiz.
The most charming lad in the class is
also kind

A

Nouns modified by adjectives in
superlative degree

21
Q
  • To determine the quantity of the predicate, the point of
    reference will be the quality of the proposition,
    whether affirmative or negative
A

QUANTITY OR EXTENSION OF PREDICATE

22
Q

If the quality of the proposition is affirmative,
the quantity of the predicate is automatically

Examples.
The modern technology is the solution to our
problem.
Some senatorial candidates are righteous

A

PARTICULAR