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js things to memorise Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is condensation reaction

A

formation of covalent bond and release of a molecule of H2O

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2
Q

what is hydrolysis reaction

A

addition of H2O to break the covalent bond apart

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3
Q

hydrophillic

A

polar in water

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4
Q

hydrophobic

A

non-polar in water

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5
Q

properties of carbon

A

1) able to form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms
2) can bond to diff functional groups
3) may exist in many forms called isomers

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6
Q

properties of lipids

A

1) contain C,H,O
2) low solubility in water
3) can be hydrophobic/ amphipathic

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7
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

C-C bond , packed tightly

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8
Q

unsaturated fatty acid

A

C=C bond, has kinks in molecules

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9
Q

triglycerides

A

1 glycerol +3 fatty acids, through ester linkage

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10
Q

phospholipid

A

hydrophillic head- choline+phosphate
hydrophobic tail- glycerol and 2 fatty acid molecule held tgt by ester linkage

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11
Q

examples of phospholipid

A

steroids,cholesterol

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12
Q

function of lipids

A
  1. long term energy storage
  2. components of membrane
  3. insulation/water-proofing material
  4. substrate for cellular respiration to produce chemical energy
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13
Q

alpha glucose

A

OH group is below

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14
Q

beta glucose

A

OH group is on top

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15
Q
A
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16
Q

maltose

A

glucose x2

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17
Q

lactose

A

glucose+ galactose

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18
Q

sucrose

A

glucose + fructose

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19
Q

amylose

A

alpha glucose
helical
unbranched

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20
Q

amylopectin

A

alpha glucose
helical
branched

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21
Q

glycogen

A

alpha glucose
helical
highly branched

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22
Q

cellulose

A

beta glucose
straight
unbranched

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23
Q

Pyrimidines
( rmb sharp so CUT)

A

Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine

they are single
ring structures

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24
Q

Purines

A

Guanine
Adenine

they are double ring structures

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25
Q

protein structure

A

primary- unique no. of sequences of amino acids in a protein held tgt by peptide linkages between amino acids

secondary- repeated folding of alpha helix and beta pleated sheet, held tgt by hydrogen bonds

tertiary- 3D shape and has a single polypeptide chain, held tgt by hydrogen bond, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions + disulfide linkages

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26
Q

functions of proteins

A
  1. catalysis
  2. structure
  3. transport
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27
Q

effect of temp / ph on enzyme above optimum temp

A

Bonds that maintain enzyme shape break and the enzyme is denatured. Substrate can no longer fit in active site

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28
Q

passive diffusion

A

from higher to lower conc, down conc gradient, for smaller and relatively hydrophobic

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29
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

from higher to lower conc, down conc gradient, facilitated by proteins - for polar/ charged molecules

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30
Q

examples of facilitated

A
  1. channel protein
  2. carrier protein
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31
Q

osmosis

A

movement of water molecules down a conc gradient

32
Q

hypertonic solution

A

cell water> solution water
cell shrivels

33
Q

hypotonic solution

A

cell water< solution water
cell bursts/ become turgid

34
Q

active transport

A

uses energy, from low conc to high conc, against conc gradient

35
Q

examples of active transport

A

endocytosis- taking in substance, consists of pinocytosis and phagocytosis

exocytosis- moving out substance

36
Q

transcription

A

done in nucleus, from DNA-> RNA

37
Q

translation

A

done in ribosome, RNA-> protein

38
Q

silent mutation

A

no change in amino acid

39
Q

missense mutation

A

changes the amino acid

40
Q

nonsense mutation

A

introduces, early stop codon, shortened polypeptide

41
Q

frameshift mutation

A

additing/ deleting nucleotide, changes the amino acid

42
Q

Glycolysis

A

in the cytoplasm , does not require O2

1 glucose-> 2 pyruvate, net 2 ATP, 2NADH

43
Q

Link reaction

A
  1. Take away CO2
  2. NAD+-> NADH
  3. Add coenzyme A

Acetyl- CoA is formed

44
Q

Krebs cycle

A

in the mitochondrial matrix, does not use O2 but can only be done in presence of O2

forms 2 CO2, 3 NADH,1 GTP, 1 FADH2

45
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

oxygen is final acceptor
[H]+ goes out of membrane to intermembranal space, [H]+ goes in matrix, down conc gradient in ATP synthase to form ATP

46
Q

alcohol and lactate fermentation

A

regenerates NAD+

47
Q

light dependent rxn

A

2 electrons that go to NADP+ reductase is replaced by electrons from photolysis of water

48
Q

light independent rxn

A

ATP and NADPH produced in light dependent rxn is used to reduce CO2 to carbohydrate, thus cant function without light depedent rxn

49
Q

left side vs right side of heart

A

left side walls r thicker as need pump high pressure blood from there to rest of the body

50
Q

systole

A

contract

51
Q

diastole

A

relax

52
Q

what is homeostasis

A

maintaining of near constant condition in internal environment

53
Q

basic principles of homeostasis

A
  1. stimulus produces change
  2. change is detected by receptor
  3. information sent along pathway to control center
    4.information sent along pathway to effector
    5.response of effector
54
Q

what happens when body temp ↑

A

stimulus detects ↑ in body temp, sending signals to hypothalamus, sending signals to effector
1. vasodilation of blood vessels so capillaries can be filled with warm blood and more heat cn be lost to surroundings
2. sweat glands secrete sweat that evaporate and cool the body
3. ↓ metabolic rate reduces amt of heat released internally in body

55
Q

what happens when body temp ↓

A

stimulus detects stimulus detects ↓ in body temp, sending signals to hypothalamus, sending signals to effector

  1. vasoconstriction of blood vessel, less blood flow through capillaries so less heat can be lost
    2.sweat glands are less active, ↓production of sweat so less heat loss from evaporation
  2. shivering ↑ amt of heat released and raises body temp
  3. ↑ metabolic rate to↑ body internal temp
56
Q

endocrine

A

ductless
secrete into blood stream
target site far away
hormones secreted

57
Q

high blood glucose lvl

A

pancreas detect the ↑ in blood glucose lvl
Beta cells in pancreas secrete insulin, the body cells
↑ uptake of glucose into cells as cell permeability ↑.
↑ conversion of glycogen to glucose
causing ↓ in blood glucose lvl

58
Q

low blood glucose level

A

pancreas detect the low blood glucose level
Alpha cells of pancreas secrete glucagon
↑ glycogen breakdown into glucose
↑ glucose formation
causing ↑ in blood sugar level

59
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

pancreas cant produce insulin
mostly genetic
need insulin injection

60
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

pancreas can produce insulin but insulin cant bind to target cells
due to lifestyle

61
Q

ultrafiltration

A
  1. fenestration of glomerular endothelial cell prevents filtration of blood cells but allows blood plasma to flow through
  2. basal lamina of glomerulus prevents filtration of larger proteins
  3. filtration slits by pedicels of podocytes prevents filtration of medium sized proteins
62
Q

what does PCT absorb

A

solutes and water

63
Q

what does Loop of henle absorb

A

solutes and water

64
Q

what does vasa recta absorb

A

water

65
Q

what happens when overhydrated

A

↓ blood osmolarity
↓ ADH released
↓ no of aquaporins in collecting duct
↓ H20 reabsorbed in collecting duct
Large vol of dilute urine

66
Q

what happens when dehydrated

A

↑ in blood osmolarity
↑ ADH released
↑ no of aquaporins in collecting duct
↑ H20 reabsorbed
Small vol of concentrated urine

67
Q

trachea structure

A

C shaped rings that keep lumen of trachea open

68
Q

alveoli structure

A
  1. Numerous alveoli so there is larger surface area for gas exchange
  2. Surrounded by dense network of blood capillaries so conc gradient is maintained
  3. One cell thick wall so rapid diffusion of gas
69
Q

During inhalation

A

RICED
relax internal intercoastal muscle

contract external intercoastal muscle and diaphgram, diaphgram goes down

vol in lung increases, pressure in lung decreases, air rushes in

70
Q

During passive ( normal )exhalation

A

RIRED
relax internal intercostal muscles

relax diaphgram and external intercostal muscles

vol in lung decreases, pressure in lung increases, air rushes out

71
Q

During active( forced) exhalation

A

CIRED
contract internal inter coastal muscles

relax external internal intercostal muscles and diaphgram

vol in lung decreases, pressure in lung increases, air rushes out

72
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

epithelium lining in bronchi is inflammed, so its alw blocked and hard to breathe

person keeps coughing, increase chance of lung infection

73
Q

what happens to eye when theres a near object

A

cillary muscles contract
suspensory ligaments slacken
thicker lens, more convex

74
Q

what happens to eye when far away object

A

cillary muscles relax
suspensory ligament becomes taut
thinner lens, more convex

75
Q

what happens to eye in bright light

A

pupil constricts
circular muscles contract
radial muscle relax

76
Q

what happens to eye in dim light

A

pupil dilates
radial muscles contract
circular muscles relax

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