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CP1 > Joplin Heart Embryo > Flashcards

Joplin Heart Embryo Flashcards

1
Q

What day does early hematopoiesis begin?

A

Day 17

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2
Q

What do hemangioblasts give rise to during the 3rd week?

A

Hematopoietic progenitor cells and endothelial precursor cells that organize to form blood islands that then coalesce, lengthen and interconnect making the initial vascular network.

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3
Q

By the end of the 3rd week, what do you see related to the heart?

A

Vascularized yolk sack wall, connecting stalk and chronic villi

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4
Q

What do hematopoietic stem cells do at day 30?

A

Cell-cell interactions in the liver give them the full capacity to generate both myeloid (both fetal and adult RBC) and lymphoid stem cell lineages

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5
Q

What is the AGM region?

A

Aortic-gonadal-mesonephric region (developing dorsal aorta), that appears day 27 and disappears by day 40 after seeding the liver with hematopoietic stem cells that were programmed from homogenic endothelial cells

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6
Q

What starts to happen by day 18?

A

Vessel formation in the intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm

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7
Q

What do endothelial precursor cells do?

A

Proliferate and differentiate into endothelial cells that then organize into small vesicle-like structures (vasculogenic cords) and coalesce to form long tubes

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8
Q

How does the angioplastic plexus grow?

A
  1. Proliferation of endothelial precursor cells
  2. Angiogenesis: budding and sprouting of new vessels from existing ones
  3. Intussusception (splitting)
  4. Recruitment of new mesodermal cells into walls of existing vessels
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9
Q

What is an angioma?

A

Abnormal blood vessel and lymphatic growth that is likely stimulated by abnormal levels of angiogenic factors

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10
Q

What is a capillary hemangioma?

What is a cavernous hemangioma?

A

Excessive growth of a small capillary network

Excessive growth of venous sinuses

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11
Q

What happens to the primary heart field as horizontal folding occurs, and what happens as a consequence?

A

Primary heart field and coelom become folded beneath the embryo, pulling some endoderm inside to form the foregut. As a consequence, the limbs of the cardiac crescent now lie ventral to the foregut and dorsal to the coelom.

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12
Q

What do EPC’s differentiate into?

A

Endothelial cells forming two primitive endocardial tubes

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13
Q

How does the first aortic arch form?

A

Horizontal folding causes the endocardial tubes to fuse with the cardiogenic mesoderm, forming a simple tubular heart that then sinks into the future pericardial cavity. As the embryo grows, the heart tube is pulled into the cervical, then thoracic region. The cranial ends of the dorsal aorta are also dragged ventrally along with the heart thereby forming a loop, which is the first aortic arch

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14
Q

Where does the primitive heart get its inflow of blood?

A

From 3 pairs of vessels: common cardinal veins, vitelline veins and umbillical veins

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15
Q

What days do you see first rhythmic contraction and blood flow?

A

First contraction: day 22, blood flow: day 24

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16
Q

What is the sinus venosus?

A

The first chamber of the heart, made of partially confluent right and left sinus horns. O2 rich blood (via umbillical veins), venous blood from the gut area (via viteline veins), and venous blood from head and trunk (via common cardinal vein) drain into both horns

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17
Q

What is the primitive atrium?

A

Region between sinus venosus and ventricle that receives blood from the sinus venosus

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18
Q

What is the Atrioventricular (AV) region?

A

Region of heart separating atrium from ventricle. the lumen of this region is called the atrioventricular canal or foramen

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19
Q

What is the primitive ventricle?

A

Early left ventricle, delineated from future right ventricle by a constriction called the interventricular sulcus

20
Q

What is the outflow tract?

A

(Bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosis), portion between primitive ventricle and aortic sac

21
Q

What is the aortic sac or root?

A

Common confluens of pharyngeal arch blood vessels that will contribute to the great vessels (aorta, pulmonary artery, carotids, etc)

22
Q

What is dorsal mesocardium?

A

Double layer of splanchnic mesoderm that suspends the heart tube, but eventually ruptures forming the transverse pericardial sinus seen in the adult. Its caudal remnants form the proepicardial organ

23
Q

What is epicardium?

A

It is formed from the proepicardial organ, and will become the future visceral pericardium. Proepicardial cells eventually migrate over the surface of the myocardium forming the epicardium

24
Q

In cardiac looping, what forms the future right ventricle?

A

The initial outflow tract

25
Q

What does cardiac looping do to atrial and ventricular positions?

A

It reverses them; atrium moves cranially and dorsally so it becomes located between outflow tract and dorsal pericardial wall while it enlarges

26
Q

What is the conus arteriosis/bulbus cordis?

A

The proximal outflow tract that becomes the outflow portion of both ventricles

27
Q

What is the truncus arteriosis?

A

The distal outflow tract that forms the aorta and pulmonary artery

28
Q

How is the secondary heart field developed?

A

It forms at both ends of the rupturing dorsal mesocardium via proliferation of splanchnic mesoderm. Failure of proliferation leads to several cardiac defects, including looping anomalies and outflow tract defects

29
Q

What is needed to maintain cardiogenic mesoderm proliferation and myocardial cell specification in the second heart field?

A

Neural crest cells, pharyngeal arch mesoderm and pharyngeal arch endoderm

30
Q

Where does normal lengthening of the heart cause primitive ventricle to move?

A

Down and to the left

31
Q

Why does the left horn of the sinus venosus shift its connection to the right half of the common atrium?

A

Because the expansion of the atria is more pronounced on the right side of the common sinus opening, causing a net shift in the amount of blood returning to the right side of the common atrium.

Most of the cardinal vein disappears and all that eventually remains of the LEFT sinus horn becomes the coronary sinus

32
Q

What does the remainder of the right common cardinal vein become?

A

The superior vena cava

33
Q

What is the sinoatrial orifice?

A

It is the opening between the sinus venosus and the enlarging future right atrium

34
Q

What happens as the future right atrium enlarges?

A

The right sinus horn and proximal parts of the right vitelline and right common cardinal veins are incorporated into the posterior wall of the enlarging right atrium. The right common cardinal vein becomes the SVC, the right vitelline vein becomes the IVC, the right umbillical vein is eventually lost. A pair of tissue flaps develop on either side of the opening that become R/L venous valves

35
Q

What is the sinus venarum?

A

RIGHT horn of the sinus venosus that is incorporated into the atria. It becomes the smooth walled portion of the RA that is separated by the crista terminalis

36
Q

What is crista terminalis?

A

It is the junction between the rough pectinate muscle and smooth-walled part of the atrium (sinus venarum)

37
Q

What happens to the valvular folds?

A

They become incorporated into the atrial septum: the inferior part becomes the valve of inferior vena cava, superior part of right valvular fold disappears, and a small fold of the remaining left sinus horn makes the valve of the coronary sinus

38
Q

What is endocardial cushion tissue (ECT)?

A

New connective tissue that occurs in the AV region and outflow tract that makes the fibrous (membranous) portions of atrial and ventricular septum and conotruncal ridges (bulbar ridges) of the outflow tract.

39
Q

How is the atrioventricular (AV) septum formed?

A

Superior (dorsal) and inferior (ventral) endocardial cushions fuse at the midline. Subsequent growth up and down from the AV septum contributes to the atrial and ventricular septa as well

40
Q

What is significant about ECT?

A

The cushion cells provide mesenchyme needed for anchoring heart valves and also contribute to the cardiac skeleton. Most of the tricuspid and bicupsid valves themselves appear to form from ECT with possible contributions from epicardial-derived cells

41
Q

What are conotruncal ridges derived from?

A

Part ECT and part NC. Conus arteriosus is the proximal outflow tract (divides so blood from LV and RV go out different vessels), and truncus arteriosus is the distal outflow tract (divides to make aorta and pulmonary arteries by formation of aorticopulmonary (AP) septum)

42
Q

What is the conotruncal septum/aorticopulmonary septum?

A

ECT forms conotruncal (bulbar) ridges in the outflow tract that spiral downward toward the ventricular septum. The ridges form on the right and left sides of outflow tract, and spiraling continues as they approach the ventricle, ending up rotated 180 degrees, perfectly parallel to the IV septum

43
Q

What does the conus arteriosus become?

A

It is eventually incorporated into each ventricle and becomes the smooth part of each ventricle

44
Q

What is formation of AV cushions dependent on?

A

Retinoic acid - so disruption of retinoid signaling often produces AV canal defects

45
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

What the LEFT horn of the sinus venosus becomes, it is a collection of veins that drains into the right atrium via the coronary sinus orifice. It is part of the smooth wall of the artium

46
Q

What are the bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosis derived from?

A

Neural crest cells associated with pharyngeal arches 3, 4, and 6. NC cells migrate inward and create bulbar and truncal ridges that eventually form the aorticopulmonary septum

CP1 (7 decks)

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