Joints - union between bones

Question 1

What are the nine movements of joints?

Answer 1

Flexion, extension, hyperextension, rotation, adduction, abduction, circumduction, pronation and supination

Question 2

What are the classifications of joints by structure?

Answer 2

Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial

Question 3

What classifies a fibrous joint and what are some?

Answer 3

Fibrous joints have no joint cavity and bones are united by fibrous tissue, ligaments. Syndesmosis allows slight movement=carpus, tarsus, dog tibia and fibula, horse tibia and fibula. A suture is a fibrous union that ossifies at maturity (skull). Gomphosis are the teeth in sockets.

Question 4

What classifies and what are some examples of cartilaginous joints?

Answer 4

Cartilaginous joints have no joint cavity, bones are united by cartilage. This includes synchondrosis, a hyaline cartilage joint that is immovable (immature diaphysis and epiphyses). Symphesis=fibrocartilage joint=union by flattened discs of fibro cartilage, allows some movement (pubic symphysis, mandibular symphysis, intervertebral joints.
Synostosis=ossification of epiphyseal cartilage

Question 5

What classifies and what are some examples of synovial joint?

Answer 5

Also known as diarthrodial meaning fluid-filled. Structure=articular surfaces, articular cartilage, articular cavity, joint capsule, synovial membrane, capsular ligament, intracapsular ligaments, extracapsular ligaments.

Question 6

What are the types of synovial joints classified according to number of bones in joint and movement?

Answer 6

Simple joints and compound joints, hinge joint=ginglymus=move only in saggital plane. Arthrodial=plane=gliding motion, wrist & ankle.
Ball and socket=spheroid, movement in all directions, hip and shoulder.
Condylar joint=convex articular cartilages articulate with concave surfaces, stifle, temperomandibular.
Pitoval=trochoid
Ellipsoid.
Saddle joint.

Question 7

What are the joints of the front limb?

Answer 7

Shoulder, elbow, radius & ulna and carpus

Question 8

What are the joints of the hind limb?

Answer 8

Sacroiliac, coxofemoral, stifle

Question 9

What are the joints of the axial skeleton?

Answer 9

Intervertebral joints between vertebral bodies, the fibrocartilage discs between are called sympheseal joint.

Question 10

What are some pathologic conditions of joints?

Answer 10

dislocation, fractures, sprain, strain, infection, arthritis, osteoarthritis (degenerative joint disease

Question 11

What kinds of cartilage are in joints?

Answer 11

Hyaline/glassy, tracheal rings, joint surfaces of limbs, nose, ear canal - chondrocytes and matrix
Fibrocartilage, intervertebral discs, menisci, where muscle inserts on bone - slight matrix, collagen rich
elastic cartilage, pinna of ear, epiglottis - elastin fibers