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MSK > Joints Tendons And Ligaments > Flashcards

Joints Tendons And Ligaments Flashcards

1
Q

Function of joints

A

Allow movement in 3 dimensions
Weight-bearing
Transfer load evenly

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2
Q

Types of joints

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

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3
Q

How are joints classified

A

Structural classification
Functional classification

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4
Q

Example of fibrous joints

A

Teeth sockets

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5
Q

Examples of cartilaginous joitn

A

Intervertebral discs

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6
Q

Functional classification of joints

A

Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses

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7
Q

Synarthroses

A

Immovable joints
Mostly fibrous

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8
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Little or no movement
Bones are connected by ligaments

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9
Q

Sutures

A

Junctions between adjacent skull bones
Sharpey’s fibres connect bones (bone fibres in type 1 collagen)

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10
Q

Gomphoses

A

Peg and socket joint eg teeth
Held by periodontal ligaments
Make them slightly moveable

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11
Q

Syndesmoses joints

A

Connected by membranes
Eg between radius and ulnar
Slightly movable

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12
Q

3 types of fibrous joints

A

Sutures
Gomphoses
Syndesmoses

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13
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

Some movements
Hyaline cartilage connects bone
Stretches to allow some movement

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14
Q

Types of cartilaginous joints

A

Synchondrosis
Symphysis

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15
Q

Synchondrosis

A

Costochondral joints
Growth plates between diaphysis and epiphysis

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16
Q

Symphysis

A

Eg pelvis
Have high strength and reduced flexibility
Pad or plate of fibrocartilage

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17
Q

Synovial joint

A

Freely moveable
Joint capsule- outer = fibrous inner = synovial fluid
Articular cartilage covers bone

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18
Q

Composition of synovial fluid

A

Hyaluronic acid
Lubricin
Proteinase
Collagenases

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19
Q

What covers bone in synovial joints

A

Articular cartilage

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20
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Synovial joints
Freely movable

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21
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Cartilaginous joints
Slightly moveable

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22
Q

6 types of synovial joint

A

Hinge
Pivot
Plane
Ball and socket
Condyloid
Saddle

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23
Q

What connects bones in a cartilaginous joint

A

Hyaline cartilage

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24
Q

What connects bones in a fibrous joint

A

Ligaments

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25
Q

Characteristics of a synovial joint

A

Articular cartilage
Joint capsule
Joint synovial cavity
Synovial fluid
Reinforcing ligaments

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26
Q

Bursae

A

Fluid filled sacs lined by synovial membrane
Part of shock absorbing structure of a synovial joint

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27
Q

Menisci

A

Discs of fibrocartilage found in synovial joints eg knee

28
Q

Hinge joint

A

One axis of movement eg humerus /ulnar

29
Q

Pivot joint

A

Allows for rotation eg radius/ulnar

30
Q

Plane joint

A

Gliding
Carpal/tarsal

31
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

All movements eg hip and knee

32
Q

Condyloid joint

A

Most movements eg metacarpal/phalangeal

33
Q

Saddle joint

A

Most movements
Limited rotation
Eg carpal/metacarpal and sternum/clavicle

34
Q

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

A

Almost frictionless surface
Resists compressive loads
High water content
Low cell content
No blood supply

35
Q

Layers of cartilage

A

Superficial zone
Intermediate zone
Deep zone
Calcified zone
Subchondral zone

36
Q

Where is synovial fluid produced

A

Filtration of plasma by synoviocytes (synovium cells)

37
Q

What adds to the strength of hyaline cartilage

A

Collagen fibres have different orientations in different layers

38
Q

What type of collagen makes up hyaline cartilage

39
Q

Thickness of synovial membrane

A

Few cells thick

40
Q

Stretch of ligaments

A

Can stretch up to 6% before breaking

41
Q

Do tendons or ligaments contain more elastin fibres

42
Q

Composition of tendons

A

Dense regular connective tissue
Rich in type 1 collagen

43
Q

Main stabilising ligaments of hip joint

A

Iliofemoral
Pubofemoral
Ischiofemoral

44
Q

Function of ligaments

A

Attach bone to bone
Augment mechanical stability of joints
Guid joint motion
Prevents excessive motion

45
Q

Functions of tendons

A

Connect muscle to bone
Transmit tensile loads from muscles to bone
Aid joint stability

46
Q

Function of tendons in Isometric contraction

A

Stabilise joint

47
Q

Function of tendons in isotonic contraction

A

Shortening or lengthening of muscle

48
Q

What cell type composes ligaments and tendons

A

Fibroblasts

49
Q

What surrounds fibrils to form fascicles in tendons

50
Q

Paratenon

A

Surrounds tendons

51
Q

Collagen crimping

A

Enables some increase in ligament length during tension

52
Q

Where is elastin highest

A

Ligamentum flavum
Between laminae of vertebrae
Protect spine nerve roots
Provide intrinsic stability to spine

53
Q

Blood supply of ligaments

A

Insertion points

54
Q

Blood supply of tendons

A

Paratenon, mesotenon and insertion points

55
Q

Do tendons or ligaments have more organised fibres

56
Q

Enthesis

A

Place of insertion of a tendon or ligament into bone

57
Q

What are enthesis innervated with

A

Proprioceptive and pain receptors

58
Q

Examples of enthesis

A

Epicondyles of elbow
Achilles tendon joins cachelleon

59
Q

Viscoelatic

A

Can regain original shape following deformation

60
Q

Typical load-elongation curve

A
  1. Small increase in load as the crimped collagen fibres straighten
  2. Linear region fibres straighten and stiffness increases radpidly with loading
  3. Maximum deformation and tensile strength of tissue (Pmax). Beyond this, there is progressive failure of the collagen fibres
  4. Yield point, after which, there is complete failure of tissue to support load
61
Q

What percentage of Pmax is usually reached

62
Q

Where are there more Golgi tendon organs

A

At insertion point not original

63
Q

Golgi tendon organ

A

Encapsulated sensory receptors proprioceptors activated by stretch or active muscle contraction
Located in tendons near the junction with the muscle and joint capsule
Consist of thin capsule enclosing collagen fibres penetrated by terminal branches of sensory neurons
Sense muscle tension

64
Q

Factors affecting mechanical properties of ligaments and tendons

A

Maturation and aging
Physical training
Immobilisation
Pregnancy and post-partum

65
Q

Type of collagen in ligaments and tendons

66
Q

Order of range of movement of types of joints

A

Synovial>cartilaginous>fibrous

MSK (11 decks)

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