Joints Tendons And Ligaments Flashcards by Scarlett Enright

Function of joints

Allow movement in 3 dimensions
Weight-bearing
Transfer load evenly

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Types of joints

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How are joints classified

Structural classification
Functional classification

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Example of fibrous joints

Teeth sockets

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Examples of cartilaginous joitn

Intervertebral discs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Functional classification of joints

Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Synarthroses

Immovable joints
Mostly fibrous

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Fibrous joints

Little or no movement
Bones are connected by ligaments

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sutures

Junctions between adjacent skull bones
Sharpey’s fibres connect bones (bone fibres in type 1 collagen)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Gomphoses

Peg and socket joint eg teeth
Held by periodontal ligaments
Make them slightly moveable

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Syndesmoses joints

Connected by membranes
Eg between radius and ulnar
Slightly movable

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

3 types of fibrous joints

Sutures
Gomphoses
Syndesmoses

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cartilaginous joints

Some movements
Hyaline cartilage connects bone
Stretches to allow some movement

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Types of cartilaginous joints

Synchondrosis
Symphysis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Synchondrosis

Costochondral joints
Growth plates between diaphysis and epiphysis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Symphysis

Eg pelvis
Have high strength and reduced flexibility
Pad or plate of fibrocartilage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Synovial joint

Freely moveable
Joint capsule- outer = fibrous inner = synovial fluid
Articular cartilage covers bone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Composition of synovial fluid

Hyaluronic acid
Lubricin
Proteinase
Collagenases

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What covers bone in synovial joints

Articular cartilage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Diarthrosis

Synovial joints
Freely movable

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Amphiarthrosis

Cartilaginous joints
Slightly moveable

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

6 types of synovial joint

Hinge
Pivot
Plane
Ball and socket
Condyloid
Saddle

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What connects bones in a cartilaginous joint

Hyaline cartilage

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What connects bones in a fibrous joint

Ligaments

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Characteristics of a synovial joint

Articular cartilage Joint capsule Joint synovial cavity Synovial fluid Reinforcing ligaments

Bursae

Fluid filled sacs lined by synovial membrane Part of shock absorbing structure of a synovial joint

Menisci

Discs of fibrocartilage found in synovial joints eg knee

Hinge joint

One axis of movement eg humerus /ulnar

Pivot joint

Allows for rotation eg radius/ulnar

Plane joint

Gliding Carpal/tarsal

Ball and socket joint

All movements eg hip and knee

Condyloid joint

Most movements eg metacarpal/phalangeal

Saddle joint

Most movements Limited rotation Eg carpal/metacarpal and sternum/clavicle

Articular (hyaline) cartilage

Almost frictionless surface Resists compressive loads High water content Low cell content No blood supply

Layers of cartilage

Superficial zone Intermediate zone Deep zone Calcified zone Subchondral zone

Where is synovial fluid produced

Filtration of plasma by synoviocytes (synovium cells)

What adds to the strength of hyaline cartilage

Collagen fibres have different orientations in different layers

What type of collagen makes up hyaline cartilage

Type 2

Thickness of synovial membrane

Few cells thick

Stretch of ligaments

Can stretch up to 6% before breaking

Do tendons or ligaments contain more elastin fibres

Ligaments

Composition of tendons

Dense regular connective tissue Rich in type 1 collagen

Main stabilising ligaments of hip joint

Iliofemoral Pubofemoral Ischiofemoral

Function of ligaments

Attach bone to bone Augment mechanical stability of joints Guid joint motion Prevents excessive motion

Functions of tendons

Connect muscle to bone Transmit tensile loads from muscles to bone Aid joint stability

Function of tendons in Isometric contraction

Stabilise joint

Function of tendons in isotonic contraction

Shortening or lengthening of muscle

What cell type composes ligaments and tendons

Fibroblasts

What surrounds fibrils to form fascicles in tendons

Endotenon

Paratenon

Surrounds tendons

Collagen crimping

Enables some increase in ligament length during tension

Where is elastin highest

Ligamentum flavum Between laminae of vertebrae Protect spine nerve roots Provide intrinsic stability to spine

Blood supply of ligaments

Insertion points

Blood supply of tendons

Paratenon, mesotenon and insertion points

Do tendons or ligaments have more organised fibres

Tendons

Enthesis

Place of insertion of a tendon or ligament into bone

What are enthesis innervated with

Proprioceptive and pain receptors

Examples of enthesis

Epicondyles of elbow Achilles tendon joins cachelleon

Viscoelatic

Can regain original shape following deformation

Typical load-elongation curve

1. Small increase in load as the crimped collagen fibres straighten 2. Linear region fibres straighten and stiffness increases radpidly with loading 3. Maximum deformation and tensile strength of tissue (Pmax). Beyond this, there is progressive failure of the collagen fibres 4. Yield point, after which, there is complete failure of tissue to support load

What percentage of Pmax is usually reached

30%

Where are there more Golgi tendon organs

At insertion point not original

Golgi tendon organ

Encapsulated sensory receptors proprioceptors activated by stretch or active muscle contraction Located in tendons near the junction with the muscle and joint capsule Consist of thin capsule enclosing collagen fibres penetrated by terminal branches of sensory neurons Sense muscle tension

Factors affecting mechanical properties of ligaments and tendons

Maturation and aging Physical training Immobilisation Pregnancy and post-partum

Type of collagen in ligaments and tendons

Type 1

Order of range of movement of types of joints

Synovial>cartilaginous>fibrous