Joints, Skeletal system, muscles Flashcards
Does a fibrous joint have a synovial cavity
No
Does the proximal radioulnar joint allow pronation and supination of the forearm
Yes
How many bones make up the hand
8 Carpals, 5 Metacarpals, 14 Phalanges
What is the main function of the appendicular skeleton?
Voluntary movement
What are carpal bones?
They are small bones arranged in two rows in the wrist joint
What are 2 examples of irregular bone?
Mandible, Vertebrae
How many vertebrae are in the thoracic region of the vertebral column?
12
The trapezius is the muscle of the what?
Back and neck
The supinator is a muscle of the what?
Arm
The levator palebrae superioris muscle causes which movement?
Raises the eyelid
What are 2 muscles in the lower leg?
Soleus and anterior tibialis
What are some muscles of the hand?
Extensor digitorum
Flexor carpi radialis
Palmaris longus
What is the action of the pronator teres muscle?
Pronation of the forearm
The sacrospinalis (erector spinae) muscle produces which movement of the vertebral column?
Extension
Where would you find the coccygeus?
Sacrum and coccyx
What are joints classified by?
Their structure, characteristics or function
Fibrous joints
These joints have no synovial cavity and the bones within the joint are held together by fibrous connective tissues that are rich in collagen fibres
Cartilaginous joints
These joints have no synovial cavity and the bones within the joint are held together by cartilage. Synchondroses and symphyses are cartilaginous joints.
Synovial joints
These joints do have a synovial cavity, the bones within the joint are held together by the dense irregular connective tissue or an articular capsule and they often have accessory ligaments.
What are suture joints
They are immovable or fixed joints consisting of a thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue.
They are found between all the bones of the skull except the mandible.
Syndesmoses joints
A type of fibrous joint in which 2 parallel bones are united to each other by fibrous connective tissue.
Gomphoses joint
A joint that anchors a tooth to its socket. They line the upper and lower jaw in each tooth socket.
Synchondroses joint
A cartilaginous joint which is connected with hyaline cartilage.
Symphyses joint
A cartilaginous joint which consists of the ends of the bones covered in hyaline cartilage and a disc of fibrocartilage connecting them. These occur at the midline of the body.
What is the articular capsule
It’s where the joint is wrapped in a sleeve of fibrous tissue that holds the bones together. It’s loose enough to allow freedom but strong enough to protect it from injury.
What is the synovial membrane
A delicate epithelial layer which lines the capsule and covers all non-weight bearing surfaces inside the joint. It secretes synovial fluid.
Synovial fluid
A thick, sticky, fluid of egg white consistency which fills the synovial cavity. It nourishes the structures within the joint cavity, contains phagocytes, coats and lubricates moving parts of the joint.
What are the two types of accessory ligaments
Extracapsular ligaments - outside of the articular capsule
Intracapsular ligaments - Inside the capsule but outside the synovial cavity
What are menisci?
C-shaped cartilaginous structures located in knee joints serving as shock absorbers and stabilizers. Each knee has two menisci. They cushion the joint, distribute weight and enhance joint stability.
What are bursae?
Small fluid filled sacs located between bones, tendons and muscles, acting as lubricating cushions to reduce friction and facilitate smooth movement in joints. They contain synovial fluid.
What are tendon sheaths?
Protective coverings surrounding tendons. They are lined with synovial fluid-producing cells, reduce friction during tendon movement. Found in wrists and ankles.
What are planar joints?
Their bones are flat or slightly curved and they produce gliding movements. It is a time of synovial joint.
Hinge joints
These joints consist of a convex surface of one bone fitting into a concave section of another. They allow flexion and extension.
Pivot joints
They have a rounded or pointed surface of one bone that articulates with a ring formed of another bone and a ligament.
What is the range of motion?
Refers to the extent an direction of movement that a joint can achieve. It is a measure of flexibility and mobility in a specific joint or series of joints.
Definition of temporomandibular joint
A synovial joint that connects the mandible to the temporal bone of the skull. it facilitates various movements. of the jaw.
Anatomical components of the TMJ
Mandibular condyl
Temporal bone
Articular disc
Articular capsule
Ligaments
Movements of the TMJ
Hinge, gliding, rotation, lateral excursion
Definition of shoulder joint
A synovial joint that connects the upper limb to the trunk. It is the articulation between the head of the humerus (upper arm bone) and the glenoid cavity of the scapula (shoulder blade).
Anatomical components of the shoulder joint
Glenoid cavity
Head of the humerus
Articular capsule
Glenoid labrum
Synovial membrane
Rotar cuff muscles and tendons
ROM of with the shoulder joint
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Internal rotation
External rotation
Circumduction
Elbow joint definition
A synovial hinge joint that connects the upper arm to the forearm. It is composed of 3 bones: humerus (upper arm), ulna and radius.
Anatomical components of elbow joint
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Articular capsule
Synovial membrane and synovial fluid
Olecranon process
ROM in a elbow joint
Flexion
Extension
Pronation
Supination
Definition of a hip joint
A synovial ball and socket joint that connects the thigh bone (femur) to the pelvis. Its one of the bodies largest and most stable joints.
Anatomical components of the hip joint
Acetabulum
Femoral head
Acetabular labrum
Articular capsule
Ligaments
Synovial membrane and synovial fluid
ROM of for hip joint
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Internal rotation
External rotation
Circumduction
Definition of knee joint
Synovial hinge joint that connects thigh bone (femur) to shinbone (tibia). Also involves the smaller fibula bone.
Knee joint anatomical components
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Articular cartilage
Menisci
Articular capsule
Ligaments
Synovial membrane and fluid
ROM for knee joint
Flexion
Extension
How many bones does the axial skeleton consist of?
80 in total
Skull = cranium - 8, face - 14
Hyoid = 1
Auditory ossicles = 6
Vertebral column = 26
Thorax = Sternum - 1, Ribs - 24
How many bones are in the skull
Cranium - 8
Face - 14
What are long bones?
Slightly curved to absorb stress from the weight of the body. Eg. femur, tibia. ulna, radius, phalanges
What are short bones?
Cube shaped. Eg. carpals and tarsals
Flat bones
Provide protection as well as an area for muscle attachments. Eg. cranial bones, sternum, ribs
Irregular bones
Complex shapes. Eg. vertebrae
Sesamoid bones
Protect tendons from wear and tear eg. patellae
Sutural bones
Small irregular bones found within the sutures (joints) between certain bones in the skull.
Structure and function of the hyoid bone
U-shaped bone located in the neck, above the larynx and below the mandible. Serves as the point of attachment for muscles involved in swallowing and speech production, provides support and stability to the tongue and larynx.
What does the vertebral column consist of?
7 Cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
1 sacrum
1 coccyx
Intervertebral discs
Fibrocartilaginous structures located between adjacent vertebrae in the spine. They act as shock absorbers, providing cushioning and flexibility to the spine.
Thoracic cage
Structure formed by the ribs, sternum and thoracic vertebrae in the spine. Surrounds and protects the organs of the chest.
How many pairs of ribs are there?
12 pairs
How many true ribs are there?
7 pairs - they have costal cartilage that attaches them directly to the sternum.
The remaining 5 pairs are false ribs.
How do false ribs attach?
the 8th, 9th and 10th pair attach onto the 7th pair of ribs. Pairs 11 and 12 are floating ribs as the costal cartilage does not attach to the sternum.
What are sternocostal joints?
The joints formed between the sternum and the costal cartilages of the true ribs. They are relatively immobile fibrous joints, allowing minimal movement.
How many bones does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
126
Which bones are involved in the appendicular skeleton?
Pectoral (shoulder) girdles:
- Clavicle: 2 bones
- Scapula: 2 bones
Upper limbs:
- Humerus: 2 bones
- Ulna: 2 bones
- Radius: 2 bones
- Carpals: 16 bones
- Metacarpals: 10 bones
- Phalanges: 28 bones
Pelvic (hip) girdle:
- Hip, pelvic or coxal bone: 2 bones
Lower limbs:
- Femur: 2 bones
- Patellae: 2 bones
- Fibula: 2 bones
- Tibia: 2 bones
- Tarsals: 14 bones
- Metatarsals: 10 bones
- Phalanges: 28 bones
How do skeletal muscles produce movement?
They exert force on tendons which then pull bones or other structures
What is the Origin in relation to muscle?
The attachment of a muscles tendon to the STATIONARY BONE.
The origin is usually proximal
what is the Insertion in relation to muscle?
The attachment of a muscles other tendon to a MOVEABLE BONE.
The insertion is usually distal. It’s pulled towards the origin.
What is the middle part of the muscle called?
The belly.
