Joints, movements, muscles and the analysis

Question 1

What are the planes of movement?

Answer 1

1. Sagittal plane, divides the body into left and right
2. Frontal plane, divides body into front and back
3. Transverse plane, divides body into upper and lower.

Question 2

What are the movement patterns at the sagittal plane?

Answer 2

1. Flexion e.g. bending arm at elbow
2. Extension e.g. straightening arm at elbow
3. Dorsi flexion e.g. pointing toes up
4. Plantar flexion e.g. pointing toes down.

Question 3

What are the movement patterns at the frontal plane?

Answer 3

1. Abduction e.g. moving arm at shoulder away from midline

2. Adduction e.g. moving arm at shoulder towards midline.

Question 4

What are the movement patterns at the transverse plane?

Answer 4

1. Horizontal extension e.g. moving arm at shoulder away from midline parallel to ground.
2. Horizontal flexion e.g. moving arm at shoulder towards midline parallel to ground.
3. Rotation e.g. movement whereby articulating bones turn around their longitudinal axis in a screwdriver action.

Question 5

What are the joint types?

Answer 5

1. Ball and socket
2. Hinge
3. Condyloid.

Question 6

Where is ball and socket joint found, plane of movements, movement patterns?

Answer 6

1. Found at the shoulder and hip
2. Can perform all planes of movement
3. Can perform
   - Flexion and extension
   - Abduction and adduction
   - Horizontal flexion and horizontal extension
   - Medial rotation and lateral rotation.

Question 7

Where is hinge joint found, plane of movements, movement patterns?

Answer 7

1. Found at the elbow, knee and ankle
2. Sagittal plane
3. Can perform
   - Flexion and extension
   - Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion.

Question 8

Where is condyloid joint found, plane of movements, movement patterns?

Answer 8

1. Found at wrist
2. Sagittal and frontal plane
3. Can perform
   - Flexion and extension
   - Abduction and adduction (moving wrist from side to side).

Question 9

!!! What is the joint type, articulating bones, movements at each plane and agonist muscles of the shoulder?

Answer 9

1. The shoulder is a ball and socket joint
2. Articulating bones are the humerus and scapula
3. Sagittal plane:
   - Flexion at shoulder joint, arm moves forwards away from midline, anterior deltoid is agonist
   - Extension at shoulder, arm moves backwards away from midline, posterior deltoid is agonist
4. Frontal plane:
   - Adduction at shoulder joint, arm moves sideways towards midline, latissimus dorsi is agonist
   - Abduction at shoulder, arm moves sideways away from midline, middle deltoid is agonist
5. Transverse plane:
   - Horizontal flexion at shoulder joint, arm moves towards midline parallel to ground, pectoralis major is agonist
   - Horizontal extension at shoulder joint, arm moves away from midline parallel to ground, posterior deltoid and teres minor are agonists
6. Transverse plane:
   - Medial rotation at shoulder joint, the arm is at 90 degrees, rotating towards midline, teres major and subscapularis are agonists
   - Lateral rotation at shoulder joint, the arm is at 90 degrees, rotating away from midline, teres minor and infraspinatous are agonists
7. E.g. to mobilise the shoulder as part of warm-up, use star jumps as during the outward phase, the agonist which is the middle deltoid will concentrically contract and abduct the shoulder joint.

Question 10

!!! What is the joint type, articulating bones, movements at each plane and agonist muscles of the elbow?

Answer 10

1. The elbow is a hinge joint
2. Articulating bones are the humerus, radius and ulna
3. Sagittal plane:
   - Flexion at elbow joint, bending arm at elbow, biceps brachii is agonist
   - Extension at elbow joint, straightening arm at elbow, triceps brachii is agonist
4. E.g.
   - The elbow joint is essential for creating power in the netball shot
   - In the preparation phase, the biceps brachii will concentrically contract to flex the elbow, lowering the ball
   - In the execution phase, the triceps brachii concentrically contract to extend the elbow joint through a large range of motion to generate large force to apply to the ball.

Question 11

!!! What is the joint type, articulating bones, movements at each plane and agonist muscles of the wrist?

Answer 11

1. The wrist is a condyloid joint
2. Articulating bones are the radius, ulna and carpals
3. Sagittal plane:
   - Flexion at wrist joint, wrist moves downwards, wrist flexors is agonist
   - Extension at wrist joint, wrist moves upwards, wrist extensors is agonist
4. E.g.
   - Basketball players concentrically contract the agonist which is the wrist flexors to flex the wrist as the ball is released in a jump shot
   - This enables backspin to be out on the ball, causing the ball to ‘pop up’ from the back board rather than roll of.

Question 12

What is the joint type, articulating bones, movements at each plane and agonist muscles of the hip?

Answer 12

1. The hip is a ball and socket joint
2. Articulating bones are the pelvic girdle and femur
3. Sagittal plane:
   - Flexion at hip joint, leg moves forward away from midline, iliopsoas is agonist
   - Extension at hip joint, leg moves backwards away from the midline, gluteus maximus is agonist
4. Frontal plane:
   - Adduction at hip joint, leg moves sideways towards midline, adductor brevis, adductor longus and adductor magnus are agonists
   - Abduction at hip joint, leg moves sideways away from midline, gluteus medius and gluteus minumus are agonists
5. Tranverse plane:
   - Medial rotation at hip joint, leg rotates towards midline, gluteus medius and gluteus minimus are agonists
   - Lateral rotation at hip joint, leg rotates away from midline, gluteus maximus is agonist
6. E.g. when Olympic weightlifting is in the upward phase, the agonist which is the gluteus maximus, will concentrically contract to create hip extension while the antagonist, the iliopsoas, coo-ordinates the action.

Question 13

What is the joint type, articulating bones, movements at each plane and agonist muscles of the knee?

Answer 13

1. The knee is a hinge joint
2. Articulating bones are the femur and tibia
3. Sagittal plane:
   - Flexion at knee joint, knee bends backwards so joint angle decreases, biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus (hamstring group) are agonists
   - Extension at knee joint, knee extends forwards so joint angle increases, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius (quadriceps group) are agonists
4. E.g.
   - Knee joint is essential for creating power in a penalty shot in football
   - Concentrically contracting the biceps femoris flexes the knee joint in the preparation phase
   - Concentrically contracting the rectus femoris extends the knee joint in the execution phase through a large range of motion to generate a large force to apply to the football.

Question 14

What is the joint type, articulating bones, movements at each plane and agonist muscles of the ankle?

Answer 14

1. The ankle is a hinge joint
2. Articulating bones are the tibia, fibula and talus
3. Sagittal plane:
   - Dorsi flexion at ankle joint, toes point up, tibialis anterior is agonist
   - Plantar flexion at ankle joint, toes point down, gastrocnemius and soleus are agonists
4. E.g.
   - Contemporary dancers use their feet for shaping bodily movements
   - Concentrically contracting the gastrocnemius and soleus to plantar flex the ankle joint creates a fully extended finish when going en pointe.