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MSK > Joints and Synovial Fluid and Cartilage > Flashcards

Joints and Synovial Fluid and Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

Name the 3 types of joints

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

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2
Q

What is the structure of a fibrous joint?

A

Bone - connective tissue (collagen fibres) - bone

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3
Q

What is the structure of a cartilaginous joint?

A

Bone - cartilage - bone

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4
Q

Where are fibrous joints found in the body?

A

Cranial sutures, periodontal ligament, interossus membranes (radius and ulna)

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5
Q

What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?

A

Primary - only hyaline Secondary - hyaline and fibrocartilage

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6
Q

Describe primary cartilaginous joints

A

Also known as synchondrosis

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7
Q

Describe secondary cartilaginous joints

A

Also known as symphysis

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8
Q

Describe a synovial joint

A
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9
Q

What may a synovial joint also contain?

A

Articular discs, ligaments, bursae

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10
Q

Name the 6 types of synovial joint

A
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11
Q

Name 4 factors that encourage joint stability

A

Shape of articulating surfaces, capsule, ligaments, muscles

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12
Q

Articular cartilage is what type of cartilage?

A

Hyaline

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13
Q

What is the syperficial/tangential layer of articular cartilage made from?

A

Flattened chondrocytes that produce collagen and glycoproteins (e.g. lubricin)

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14
Q

What is the transitional layer of articular cartilage made from?

A

Round chondrocytes that produce proteoglycans such as aggrecan

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15
Q

Describe the change in orientation of collagen fibres throught the layers of articular cartilage

A
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16
Q

What is the articular cartilage water content?

A

>75% - water is incompressible so protects the tissue from compression

17
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Proteins to which oligosaccharide chains are attached, i.e.more a protein than a carbohydrate (e.g. lubricin)

18
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

Proteins that are heavily glycosylated (= a protein core to which one or more GAGs attach), i.e. tend to be more carb than protein (e.g. aggrecan)

19
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

A

Long unbranched polysaccharides, which are highly polar and thus attract water (e.g. hyaluronic acid) - good at attracting water as they are polar

20
Q

Describe articular cartilage thickness

A

Avergae - 2-3mm

Interphalageal - 1mm (not load-bearing)

Patella - 5-6mm

21
Q

Catilage is avascular, aneural and alymphatic so how are nutrients transporteed to cartilage and waste products removed?

A

Synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane (synvoium - type of tissue that makes up the membrane)

22
Q

What does the synovium contain?

A

Synoviocytes - produce synovial fluid

Rich capillary network

No epithelial lining - direct exchange of O2, CO2 and metabolites between blood and synovial fluid

23
Q

What are the 2 types of synoviocytes?

A

Type A and type B

24
Q

Describe type A synoviocytes

A

Look like macrophages

Remove debris

Contribute to synovial fluid productin - not main producers

25
Q

Describe type B synoviocytes

A

Fibroblast-like

Main producer of synovial fluid

26
Q

Describe synovial fluid

A

Viscous fluid

Hyaluronic acid & lubricin

Fluid component (from blood plasma)

27
Q

Describe the volume and turnover time of synovial fluid

A

Small volumes (knee joint: ̴0.5 ml )

Rapid turnover ( ̴2 hours)

28
Q

Name 3 functions of synovial fluid

A

Nutrition of cartilage (articular c., menisci/discs)

Removal of waste products

Lubrication -> less friction -> less wear

29
Q

Name the 3 forms of lubrication

A

Boundary, hydrodynamic (aquaplaning), weeping

30
Q

Describe boundary lubrication

A

Glycoproteins such as lubricin bind to receptors on articular surfaces to form a thin film

31
Q

Describe hydrodynamic lubrication

A

Surfaces kept apart by liquid pressure

Viscosity changes with load and velocity of movement

32
Q

Describe weeping lubrication

A

Fluid that is present in the cartilage is squeezed out into the synovial cavity to increase fluid volume

33
Q

What is a bursa?

A

Fluid-filled sac made up of synovial membrane. Tend to sit in areas where there is high risk of friction. Bursae reduce friction. Inflamed bursa = bursitis.

34
Q

What is the effect of ageing on synovial fluid?

A

Increased viscosity. Leads to slower joint movements and redcued lubrication.

35
Q

What is the effect of ageing on cartilage water content?

A

Reduced water content - reduced shock absorption

Less protection of articular surfaces -> increased risk of damage

36
Q

Describe the effect of osteoarthritis

A

MSK (28 decks)

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