Joints and Movements Flashcards
Clavicles where and what
Collar bone attaches to sternum at midline (proximal)
Via
Synovial joint “SC” joint - Sternoclavicular
Shoulder Girdle - define
Clavicles and Scapulars
SC Sternoclavicular joint
Very strong so more likely fracture than dislocate At distal (outer end) clavicle articulates with Acromium (triangular bit top of shoulder)of scapular via gliding syn joint - acromioscapular AC joint (bony bit top of shoulder
Scapular
Triangular flat bone - shoulder blade
Glides over ribs via muscles -trapezius, rhomboids, levator scapulae, serrated anterior, pecs minor
Gives range of movement/mobility to whole girdle eg
Protraction/retraction/elevation/depression
( large bony bit above ball and socket is called Acromium Process)
Glenoid Cavity
Dish-like socket (of shoulder joint i e Glenohumeral Joint) under AC Acromium Process
Muscles (rotator cuff muscles) around, give stability (along with capsule and ligs)
But dislocation of Gleno Joint common
Uses - rotation in/out laterally, flex/ext, add/abd, horizontal flex/ext, circumduction
The 3 Elbow and Forearm joints
Humeroulna joint - hinge. Flex/ext
Humeroradial (pivot) -supination/pronation
Proximal Radioulna (pivot) - sup/pron
Wrist and Hand names/uses
Radius and Ulna, Carpels
Meet via Condyloid joint which can’t rotate so flex/ext/abd/add,circumd
Ulna/Radius form Distal Radioulna Joint (pivot joint) which allows supination/pronation
Hand = carpels, metacarpals, phalanges (base of thumb is a saddle joint which allows thumb to oppose fingers)
Vertebral Column’s job!
To support trunk and transfer weight to pelvis and legs
Vertebrae - types and numbers
7/12/5/5/4
7 Cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacrum 4 coccyx
Job of cartilaginous intervertebral discs
Cushion impact
Give elasticity and compressibility
Role of muscles/ligs in vertebral column
Support but can be damaged by excessive flex/ext/rotation
Facet Joints of vert column
Surfaces at rear
Form gliding joints with adjacent facets - Facet Joints
Determine degree of movement in area
Cervical Vertebrae detail
7 in number
1 Atlas - bony ring for skull to sit on allows nodding, lateral flex
2 Axis - allows rotation ++
3-7 Angled Facet Joints - allow flex/ext, lat flex, rotation
Thoracic Vertebrae details
12 articulate with each rib
Their facet joints more vertical
Each t.vert little movement but as are many, together allow most moveable area of spine for flex/ext/lateral flex and some rotation
Lumber Vertebrae
5
Takes most compression
Allows flex/ext/lat flex
But avoid rotation (compresses facets and stresses intervertebral discs). Keep hips still in rotations!!
Spinal Curves
Kyphosis:
Round shoulder look (Crown too heavy!!!)
Reduces lung capacity as less rib expansion
Result of age - less bone mass, osteoporosis
Spine ext exes help
Lordosis
Bottom sticks out and also stomach as power back arches under weight so reverse ‘c’ shape
Obesity, pregnancy
Stresses spine
Exes: flexibility, neutral pelvic tilt, weight loss
Scoliosis
Wonky spine
Shoulders uneven
Genetic or due to imbalance
Alignment exes
The Pelvic Girdle ‘s 3 bones
IlIUM - flat, bowl, forms Sacroiliac Joint with Sacrum. Individual degree of movement, in age eventually none
ISCHIUM - loop back of pelvis, leg muscle attachment, sit bones
PUBIS - and Pubis Symphysis. Front of pelvis where 2 pubic bones meet (a cartilaginous joint)
fused, dissipates force upper to lower body and legs
Hip
Ill/Ish/Pub fuse to cup shape socket (Acetabulum)for head of femur to fit in ie. the Hip Joint
Flexes/extends, abd/add, rotates, circumducts
Head of femur held in place by Labrum (a fibrocartilage lip)to keep pelvic girdle stable and supported
Acetabulum
Cup shape socket for head of femur to sit in
Labrum
A fibro cartilage lip on the edge of the head of femur stabilising and supporting pelvic girdle
Femur attachment site
For muscles of thigh and buttocks:
Site:
Greater trocanter
Lesser trocanter
Both bony projections at proximal end of femur
Muscles - Deep Rotator Cuff Muscles stabilise head of femur in Acetabulum. Similar to rotator cuff job for shoulder
Knee and Lower Leg
Knee’s hinge joint is at distal end of femur
Flex/ext/limited rotation in flex position
2 rounded condyles fit into condyles of tibia to create this joint
Femur and Tibia covered with articular cartilage at meeting point. Also 2 crescent shaped wedges MENISCI cushion and create more area of contact.
Femur and Tibia joint held tog by joint capsule and Medial and Collateral Ligaments to prevent sideways force
Posterior and Anterior cruciate ligaments inside to stop forward/backward displacement of femur to tibia
NB knee ligs vulnerable flexed. Rupture risk sideways from skiing, football etc
Bursas
Fatty pads protecting moving parts so slide smoothly
Lower leg tib/fib held together by….
Held together by fibrous membrane INTERUSSEUS MEMBRANE to keep lower leg strong and stable
Tibia thickest and takes most weight
Fibula thinnest and non w.bearing. Acts as brace for tibia and muscle attachment sites
Ankle and Foot comprise ….
Synovial joint between TALUS (hinge joint) and tibia and fibula
Allows planter flexion/dorsiflexion
NB at Subtalar joint allows flexibility on uneven surfaces - inversion and eversion
Fallen arches - stretched ligs/lost muscle tone hard to solve. Affect muscular skeleton.
Articular cartilage of knee
Cartilage that covers surfaces of femur and tibia
Cushioning wedges at knee between femur and tibia
Menisci which cushion but also provide greater area of contact
Knee joint held together with….
Joint capsule and ligaments: medial and lateral collateral ligaments which prevent sideways forces
Nb inside are cruciate ligs - posterior and anterior, forming cross pattern and stopping forward and backward displacement femur to tibia. Risks in football, skiing when feet can’t move and knee twists so ligs stretched beyond coping and may rupture.
Tendons
Similar structure to ligaments but bone to muscle
Joint capsules
Connective tissue Irregular Surround synovial joints Mesh like fibres Elastic Seals in synovial fluid Protects and supports joints Risk of overstretching
Ligaments
Connective tissue Very strong bands of regular fibres Slightly elastic One dimensional Bone to bone Risk of rupture if pulled wrong way
