Joints And Articulations Flashcards
1
Q
How are skeletal joints classified?
A
They are classified according to their structural and functional characteristics.
2
Q
What are the 3 classifications of joints?
A
- Fixed (fibrous)
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
3
Q
What is an example of a fixed joints?
A
Cranium
4
Q
What is an example of a cartilaginous joints?
A
Between vertebrae
5
Q
What is an example of a synovial joints?
A
Knee, shoulder and wrist
6
Q
What are the characteristics of synovial joints?
A
- Highest degree of movement
- Amount of movement is dependent upon the type of joint e.g hinge or b-a-s
- features : Ligaments, tendons, cartilage, synovial fluid, joint capsule
7
Q
What are ligaments?
A
They connect bone to bone and stabilise the joint.
8
Q
What is a tendon?
A
They connect bone to muscle and enable movement.
9
Q
What is articular cartilage?
A
Hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surfaces, reduces friction and acts as a shock absorber.
10
Q
What is synovial fluid?
A
Fluid that lubricants the joint and nourishes the articular cartilage.
11
Q
What is a Joint capsule?
A
A fluid-filled space that separates the articulating bones.
12
Q
What are the types of synovial joints?
A
Gliding Hinge Pivot Ball and socket Ellipsoid
13
Q
What is an example of a gliding synovial joint?
A
Vertebrae
14
Q
What is an example of a hinge synovial joint?
A
Elbow
15
Q
What is an example of a pivot synovial joint?
A
Neck
16
Q
What is an example of a ball and socket synovial joint?
A
Hip
17
Q
What is an example of a ellipsoid synovial joint?
A
Wrist
18
Q
What 2 movements does a hinge joint allow?
A
Flexion and extension
19
Q
How many planes does hinge joints allow?
A
1
E.g knee, elbow and ankle
20
Q
Is a ball and socket joint more or less open?
A
It is a more open joint
21
Q
How many planes does a ball and socket joint allow?
A
It allows up to four planes
22
Q
What joints can perform flexion?
A
Shoulder Elbow Wrist Hip Knee
23
Q
What joints can perform extension?
A
Shoulder Elbow Wrist Hip Knee
24
Q
What joints can perform horizontal adduction?
A
Shoulder
25
What joints can perform horizontal abduction?
Shoulder
26
What joints can perform abduction?
Shoulder
| Hip
27
What joints can perform adduction?
Shoulder
| Hip
28
What joints can perform rotation?
Shoulder
| Hip
29
What joints can perform circumduction?
Shoulder
30
What joints can perform pronation?
Radio-Ulnar
31
What joints can perform supination?
Radio-Ulnar
32
What joints can perform lateral flexion?
Spine
33
What joints can perform Dorsi flexion?
Ankle
34
What joints can perform plantar flexion?
Ankle
35
What is the name of the skull?
Cranium
36
What is the name of the collarbone?
Clavicle
37
What is the name of the spine?
Vertebrae
38
What is the name of the shoulder?
Scapular
39
What is the name of the bone that runs on the front of the ribs?
Sternum
40
What is the name of the bones that protect the organs?
Ribs
41
What is the name of the bone in the upper arm?
Humorous
42
What are the names of the 2 bones in the lower arm?
Radius
| Ulna
43
What is the name of the hip bone?
Pelvis
44
What are the names of the bones in your hands?
Carpel - metacarpals - phalanges
45
What is the name of the bone in your upper leg?
Femur
46
What is the name of the bone on the knee joint?
Patella
47
What are the two bones in your lower leg called?
Fibular
| Tibia
48
What are the names of bones in your feet?
Talus - metatarsals - phalanges
49
What are the functions of the skeleton?
```
Protection
Support
Blood cell production
Movement
Mineral storage
```
50
What does protection mean?
Bones protect your vital organs
51
What does support mean?
Bones give our body size and shape and provide points for muscles to attach to.
52
What does blood cell protection mean?
Red blood cells and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow.
53
What does movement mean?
The bones act as levers that muscles attach to, causing movement.
54
What does mineral storage mean?
The skeleton stores calcium and phosphorus.
55
What are the 5 different bone types?
```
Long bones
Short bones
Flat bones
Irregular Bones
Sesamoid bones
```
56
What are the functions of long bones?
Are responsible for allowing leverage to occur, causing gross movements.
57
What is an example of a long bone?
Femur
58
What is the function of short bones?
Are responsible for fine, controlled movements.
59
What is an example of a short bone?
Tarsals
60
What is the function of flat bones?
Responsible for providing protection to major organs
61
What is an example of a flat bone?
The rib cage provide protection for the heart and lungs
62
What is the function of a irregular bone?
Provide strength to the body.
63
What is an example of a irregular bone?
Vertebrae
64
What is the function of a sesamoid bone?
Provide points of attachment for the tendons and act as protection to the tendon.
65
What is an example of a sesamoid bone?
Patella
66
Are the skeletal muscles voluntary or involuntary?
Voluntary which means the person controls the muscles as and when they want.
67
What are the functions of the skeletal muscles?
Movement
Support
Heat production
Posture
68
What are the 3 types of connective tissue?
Ligaments
Tendons
Cartilage
69
What is the function of ligaments?
They connect bone to bone, forming a joint. Ligaments provide support to a joint, increasing joint stability and preventing injury.
70
What is the function of tendons?
Are strong and flexible connective tissues that join the muscle to bone. They cause the movement at the joint.
71
What is the function of cartilage?
Cartilage covers and protects the ends of the bones. Cartilage is tough and acts as a buffer between bones, where joints create friction from movement.
72
What are articulating bones?
When two or more bones which are connected with each other via a joint
73
What are the articulating bones around the hip joint?
Pelvis
| Femur
74
What are the articulating bones around the knee?
Femur
Tibia
(Patella)
75
What are the articulating bones around the elbow joint?
Humorous
Radius
Ulna
76
What are the two names of the muscular contractions?
Agonist
| Antagonist
77
What is the agonist muscle?
Known as the “prime mover”
| This is the muscle that is responsible for the movement taking place.
78
Is the agonist a concentric or an eccentric contraction?
It is always a concentric contraction
79
What is the antagonist muscle contraction?
The opposite muscle to the agonist. This muscle relaxes for the movement takes place.
80
Muscle contraction can be split into two types?
Isotonic
| Isometric
81
Isotonic can be split into two what are they?
Concentric
| Eccentric
82
What is the difference between isotonic and isometric?
Isotonic - muscle changes in size
| Isometric - muscle has no change in size
83
What is the isotonic contraction?
The muscle producing the contraction changes in size and shape. It controls the speed of contraction.
84
What is concentric contraction?
Shortening of muscle
85
What is the eccentric contraction?
Lengthening of the muscle
86
Is there movement when a eccentric contraction takes place?
No, no movement takes place. The muscle stays the same length
87
What movement happens when the deltoids are the agonist?
Abduct the shoulder
88
What movement happens when the biceps Brachii are the agonist?
Flex the elbow
89
What movement happens when the abdominals are the agonist?
Flex the spine
90
What movement happens when the gluteals are the agonist?
Extend the hip
91
What are muscle fibres?
Individual strands of muscle are called myofibrils.
92
What are the two types of skeletal muscles called?
```
Slow twitch (type 1)
Fast twitch (type 2)
```
93
What is slow twitch?
Also know as type 1 or slow oxidative
94
What is fast twitch?
These fibres can be separated into 2 different types
95
What are the two types of fast twitch?
Type IIa
| Type IIb
96
What is type IIa?
FOG fibres (Fast oxidative glycolytic)
97
What is type IIb?
FG fibres (Fast glycolytic)
98
What does type 1 (slow oxidation) mean?
It is primarily used during aerobic exercise
- Slower contraction speed
- Resistant to fatigue
- Many surrounding capillaries
- Bright red in colour
99
When is type 1 used?
Marathon running
| Tour de France cycling
100
What does type IIa (Fast oxidative glycolytic) mean?
It is used during anaerobic exercise. (80% - 90%)
- Fast contraction speed
- High contraction force
- Medium resistance to fatigue
- some surrounding capillaries
101
What does type IIb (Fast glycolytic) mean?
It is used during maximum anaerobic exercise. (90% - 100%)
- Fast contraction speed
- Highest contraction speed
- Low resistance to fatigue
- A few surrounding capillaries
- White in appearance
102
When is type IIa used?
400m running
| 200m swimming
103
When is type IIb used?
100m sprint
Long jump
Gymnastic tumble
