joints Flashcards
1
Q
function of joints
A
- give the skeleton mobility and hold skeleton togetehr
2
Q
fibrous joints
A
- bones are joined by dense fibrous connective tissue, no actual joint cavity
- most are synarthrotic (immovable) such as sutures (locked bone of skull)
3
Q
cartilaginous joints
A
- bones are united by cartilage, so there is no actual joint cavity
- such as between the bones of the sternum (synchondrosis) and pelvis (symphysis)
4
Q
synovial joints
A
- most common joint type and are freely movable due to their fluid filled joint cavity
5
Q
synovial joint features
A
- articular (hyaline) cartilage
- joint (articular) cavity containing synovial fluid
- articular capsule
- synovial fluid occupying all free space
- reinforcing ligaments which are part of the capsule
- nerves and blood vessels help detect pain etc
6
Q
stabilising structures of synovial joints
A
- the shapes of articular surfaces
- ligament number and location
- muscle tone which keeps the tendons that cross the joint taut. important for shoulder, knee and foot arches
7
Q
movement allowed by synovial joints
A
- gliding movements = slipping across without rotation
- angular movements = flexion & extension (closing and opening an angle), Abduction & adduction (taking away and bringing towards)
- rotation = spinning on axis (medial and lateral)
SPECIAL MOVEMENTS - supination and pronation = movement of forearm/wrist
- inversion and eversion = movement of foot/ankle
- protraction and retraction = push out and pull back
- elevation and depression = lift and lower
- opposition = bring together
8
Q
classification of synovial joints
A
there are 6 types
- plane: nonaxial, involving flat articular surfaces and short gliding movements. eg. wrist
- Hinge: uniaxial and can only move along one plane (flexion and extension) eg. elbow
- Pivot: uniaxial and rotate eg. radius and ulna
- condyloid: biaxial, permitting all angular movements eg. knuckle
- Saddle: biaxial, greater freedom of movement eg. thumb
- Ball and socket: multiaxial, most freely moving synovial joints eg. shoulder, hip
9
Q
tempermandibular (jaw) joint
A
- mandibular condyle articulates with the temporal bone
2 types of movement:
1. hinge - depression and elevation of mandible
2. gliding - eg. side to side grinding of teeth
10
Q
Glenohumoral (shoulder) joint
A
- ball and socket joint
- stability has been sacrificed to provide the most freely moving joint of the body
- head of humorous fits in glenoid fossa of scapula
- the reinforcing ligaments:
1. coracohumeral ligament - helps to support the weight of the upper limb
2. glenohumeral ligament - strengthen front of capsule but are weak - reinforcing muscle tendons:
1. tendon of the long head of biceps
2. four “rotator cuff” tendons encircle the shoulder joint
11
Q
coxal (hip) joint
A
- ball and socket joint
- head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum (cup) of the hip
- good range of motion, but limited by the deep socket
- acetabular labrum, a fibrocartilage, enhances depth of socket
- reinforcing ligaments:
1. iliofemoral ligament
2. pubofemoral ligament
3. ischiofemoral ligament - the deeper acetabulum and short, strong ligament = more secure joint
12
Q
elbow joint
A
- radius and ulna articulate with humerus
- hinge joint is formed mainly by trochlear notch of ulna and trochlea of humerus
- flexion and extension only
- ligaments restrict side to side movement (collateral ligaments) and also surround the head of the radius
13
Q
knee joint
A
- largest, most complex joint of body
- unstable
- actually 3 joints surrounded by 1 joint cavity:
1. one joint between the femur and kneecap (femoropatellar joint) which allows gliding motion during knee flexion
2. two joints between femur and tibia (lateral and medial tibiofemural joints) allowing flexion, extension and some rotation - at least 12 associated
- capsule is reinforced by muscle tendons such as those from quadriceps and hamstrings
- capsular and extracapsular ligaments help prevent hyperextension
- intracapsular ligaments include anterior and posterior crucial ligaments
14
Q
joint injuries
A
- sprains = when the ligaments are stretched or torn (partial tears slowly repair themselves, completelt ruptures require prompt surgical care)
- cartilage tears = due to compression and shear stress (fragments may cause joint to lock or bind, repaired with arthroscopic surgery, cartilage rarely repairs itself)
- dislocations = occur when bones are forced out of alignment 9accompanied by sprains, inflammation and joint immobilisation.
- subluxation = partial dislocation
- bursitis and tendonitis = inflammation of a bursa and tendon sheath, respectively, usually caused by a blow, frictiion or overuse. treated with ice and rest, or drugs
15
Q
arthiritus
A
- over 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints
- most widespread disease in australia
- typical symptoms are pain, stiffness and swelling of a joint
- acute forms are caused by bacteria and treated with antibiotics
- chronic forms: osteoarthiritus, rheumatoid arthiritus and gouty arthiritus
