Joints

Question 1

what are the 3 joint types?

Answer 1

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

Question 2

give 3 examples of fibrous joints?

Answer 2

periodontal ligament
cranial sutures
interosseus membranes

Question 3

what is the difference between primary and secondary cartilaginous joints?

Answer 3

primary (synchondrosis) contains only hyaline cartillage

secondary (symphysis) contains hyaline and fibrous cartilage

Question 4

what are the main features of the synovial joint?

Answer 4

articular cartilage
synovial cavity (contains synovial fluid)
synovial membrane
fibrous capsule

Question 5

what type of cartilage is found in a synovial joint?

Answer 5

articular cartilage

Question 6

what are bursae?

Answer 6

fluid filled pillows which reduce fracture around joints

Question 7

what are articular discs made of?

Answer 7

fibrocartilage

Question 8

give an example of a synovial plane joint.

Answer 8

between tarsal bones and also between metacarpal bones

Question 9

give an example of a synovial hinge joint.

Answer 9

elbow joint

Question 10

give an example of a synovial saddle joint.

Answer 10

carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

Question 11

give an example of a synovial condylar joint.

Answer 11

between the trapezium carpal bone and the 1st metacarpal - wrist joint
also C1 and occipital conyle joint- atlas

Question 12

give an example fo a synovial ball and socket joint.

Answer 12

shoulder

Question 13

give an example of a synovial pivot joint.

Answer 13

between fibula and tibia
between ulnar and radius
C1 and C2- axis

Question 14

what type of cartilage is articular cartilage?

Answer 14

hyaline cartilage

Question 15

what are the 2 layers of articular cartilage and what do they produce?

Answer 15

superficial layer contains flattened chondrocytes that produce collagen and glycoprotein i.e. lubrican
transitionalyer layer contains round chondrocytes that produce proteoglycans i.e. aggrecan

Question 16

how is nutrients transported to cartilage?

Answer 16

via synovial fluid

Question 17

what produces synovial fluid?

Answer 17

synoviocytes in the synovial membrane (synovium)

Question 18

what’s the difference between the 2 types of synoviocytes?

Answer 18

type a looks like macrophages - remote derby and contribute to synovial fluid production
type B look like fibroblasts and are the main producer of synovial fluid

Question 19

what type of synoviocyte is the main producer of synovial fluid?

Answer 19

type B

Question 20

what are the functions of synovial fluid?

Answer 20

nutrition to cartilage
removal of waste products
lubrication - less friction - less wear

Question 21

why is joint conditions common in the elderly?

Answer 21

because synovial fluid viscosity increases and water content of cartilage decreases resulting in more friction, less protection of articular surfaces = increased risk of damage