Joints Flashcards
What is an articulation?
The point of contact between bone and bone, bone and cartilage, or bone and teeth.
What are the two methods of joint classification?
Functional and structural
What is structural classification of joints based on?
The type of tissue between the bones
What is functional classification based on?
The degree of movement the joints permit
What are the functional classes of joints and what do they mean?
synarthrose (immovable), amphiarthrose (partially movable) and diarthrose (freely movable)
Name an example of a synarthrose joint
Sutures of the skull
Name an example of amphiarthrose joint (one fibrous, one cartilaginous)
Intervertebral discs (symphysis) and distal tibiofemoral joint (interosseous membrane, and ligaments)
Name an example of a diarthrose joint
hip joint
What is the relationship between synovial joints and diarthrose joints?
All synovial joints are diarthroses
What are the types of structural joints?
Fibrous joints, cartilaginous joints and synovial joints
Define a fibrous joint
A type of joint that connects two bones with a fibrous connective tissue
Name three types of fibrous joints
Sutures, syndesmosomes, interosseous membrane
What happens when a suture gets ossified?
It becomes a synostosis
What are sutures and what type of functional joints are they?
They are a type of fibrous joint that unite skull bones with a thin layer of connective tissue, they are synarthroses
Give an example of synostosis
The frontal suture between the right and left sides of the frontal bone
Define syndesmosis and give an example
A fibrous joint that has more fibrous tissue than a suture. An example is the syndesmosome between the ulna and the radius
What is the membrane between two bones in a syndesmosome called and what type of connective tissue is it made of?
interosseous membrane, it is made of dense irregular connective tissue
What kind of functional joints are syndesmosomes?
amphiarthroses
Define cartilaginous joint
Two bones joined by hyaline or fibrocartilage, allowing little or no movement
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
synchondroses and symphyses
define synchondrose and give an example?
A cartilaginous joint in which the connecting cartilage is hyaline cartilage. Sternocoastal joint is an example.
What type of functional joints are synchondroses?
synarthroses
define symphyses and give an example
A cartilaginous joint in which the connecting cartilage is fibrocartilage. Pubic symphisis is an example.
What kind of functional joints are symphyses?
amphiarthroses
Give an example of a temporary synchondrose
The epiphyseal plate
Define a synovial joint
A joint that has a synovial cavity between the articulating bones and is freely movable
What is the use of articular cartilage and what is it made of ?
It is made to absorb shock, and it is made of hyaline cartilage
What is the use of the articular capsule ?
Surrounds a diarthrosis, encloses the synovial cavity and unites the articulating bones.
What are the two layers of the articular capsule and what is their use?
The outser fibrous capsule that may contain ligaments to stabilize, and the inner synovial mambrane that secretes lubricating joint-nourishing synovial fluid
What is the main function of the fibrous part of the articulating capsule?
Its flexibility allows for movement, and its great tensile strength help maintain the joint in place
What are the functions of synovial fluid?
Lubricates and reduces friction, supplies nutrients, removes metabolic waste
What are articular discs and what is their use?
They are fibrous tissues that modify the shape of the joint surfaces of the articular bones, to help maintain stability of the joint and direct the flow of synovial fluid to areas of great friction
What are bursae?
Fluid-filled sacs that prevent friction between skin, mucle or tendon, and underlying bone.
What are the four types of movements allowed by synovial joints
gliding, angular movements, rotation and special movements
Describe a gliding movement and give an example
Occurs when relatively flat bone surfaces move back and forth with respect to one another, like the metacarpals in the hand
Describe angular movement and the types of angular movements
They increase or decrease the angle between the articulating bone. Incluse flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction and circumduction
Describe rotation
A bone revolving around a longitudinal axis
What are all the special movements and which joints are they related to?
Elevation and depression ( superior and inferior movement of the jaw), protraction and retraction (anterior and posterior movement of the jaw in the transverse plane), inversion and eversion (soles of the feet move medially at the intertarsal joints to face each other, or laterally to face away), dorsiflexion (ankle superior direction), plantarflexion (ankle inferior direction), supination and pronation (palm is turned anteriorly or superiorly, and palm is turned posteriorly or inferiorly)
What is a sprain, or a strain?
A sprain is a forcible wrenching or twisting of a joint that streched or tears its ligaments, but does not dislocate. A strain is a streched or partially torned muscle.
What are the subtypes of synovial joints?
Planar joints, hinge joints, pivot joint, condyloid joint, saddle joint, ball and socket joint
What is a planar joint, give an example and the types of movement allowed
Permits mainly side to side gliding movements, like the intertarsal joints of foot. Multiaxial joint that allows for inversion and eversion, flexion and extension and lateral flexion of the spinal column
Describe a hinge joint, give an example and type of movements allowed
Convex surface of one bone fits into a concave surface of another bone. Uniaxial joint that permits flexion and extension. Knee, elbow.
Describe a pivot joint, give and example and types of movements allowed
Round or pointed surface of one bones fits into a ring formed by another bone and ligament. Uniaxial bone that allows rotational movement. Like the proximal radioulnar joint.
Describe a ellipsoidal joint, give and example and types of movements allowed
Oval shaped condyle of one bone fits into an elliptical cavity of another bone. Biaxial joint that allows flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and circumduction movements. Like the radiocarpal joint of wrists.
Describe a saddle joint, give and example and types of movements allowed
One bone whose articular surface is saddle shaped, and one bone whose articular surface is shaped like a rider sitting on the saddle. Biaxial joint allowing for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction and circumduction movements. Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
Describe a ball-and-socket joint, give and example and types of movements allowed
Ball shaped surface of a joint fits into the cuplike depression of another. Multiaxial joint. Allows for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction, medial/lateral rotation . Like shoulder and hip bones.
List the ligaments of the knee
Anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament (inside the articular capsule), tibial collateral ligament, fibular collateral ligament (outside the articular capsule), patellar ligaments
What are the bones involved in the knee joint?
Tibia, femur, fibula and patella
What are the components inside the articular capsule of the knee?
the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, the medial and lateral menisci, the femural medial and lateral condyles covered by articular cartilage, the tibal condyles covered by articular cartilage
What muscles and tendons are involved in the knee joint?
Quadriceps femoris muscles and tendons of quadriceps muscles
What are the three subjoints in the knee joint?
The femoropatellar joint, the medial tibiofemoral joint, and the lateral tibiofemoral joint
