Joints

Question 1

Problems often seen with joints

Answer 1

Soft tissue swelling
Increased/decreased width of joint space
Irregular subchondral bone margin
Changes in opacity

Question 2

Osteophyte

Answer 2

Bony lumps that grow on the bones in the spine or around joints. They form when a joint or bone has been damaged by arthritis

• Smoothly marginated homogenous bone proliferation

Question 3

Enthesophyte

Answer 3

Focal proliferation of new bone to form a bony spur at an enthesis due to trauma or inflammation

Question 4

What do we see with osteoarthritis?

Answer 4

Increased subchondral opacity
Bone formations (osteophytes, enthesophytes)
Bone remodeling in bone margins
Periarticular calcification
Degenerative change

Question 5

What direction is congenital shoulder luxation usually?

Answer 5

Medial - seen in toy breeds

Question 6

What direction is trauma induced shoulder luxation usually?

Answer 6

Lateral - mostly in large breeds

Question 7

Osteochondrosis

Answer 7

Abnormality of endochondral ossification

Self-limiting developmental derangement of normal bone growth, primarily involving the centers of ossification in the epiphysis

Cartilage of epiphysis fails to form subchondral bone
-> Thickened abnormal cartilage
-> Bone to injury

Question 8

OCD - Osteochondritis dissecans

Answer 8

Cartilage is fissured and forms a cartilage flap, that either stays in its place, hindered by granulation tissue

Or dislodges and resorbs, or remains as free body (joint mouse)

a joint condition in which bone underneath the cartilage of a joint dies due to lack of blood flow. This bone and cartilage can then break loose, causing pain and possibly hindering joint motion

Question 9

Findings of OCD on radiographs

Answer 9

Flattening or irregular radiolucent defect involving caudal aspect of humeral head

Subchondral sclerosis surrounding the defect

Osteoarthrosis in chronic cases

Often bilateral!

Question 10

What direction can condylar fracture mostly be seen

Answer 10

Laterally!

Question 11

Problems we see causing elbow dysplacia

Answer 11

1. Fragmented coronoid process (FCP)
2. OCD
3. Ununited anconeal processes (UAP)

Question 12

What view do we take with pelvis?

Answer 12

VD; Lateral

Question 13

What view do we take with hips

Answer 13

Extended VD

Question 14

Fluckiger technique

Answer 14

VD, but femurs at angle of 60’ from table

Question 15

Avascular necrosis of femoral head

Answer 15

Seen in young dogs and small and toy breeds

a type of osteonecrosis due to disruption of blood supply to the proximal femur.

Question 16

Feline capital metaphyseal osteopathy

Answer 16

In young male and neutered cats

Extensive lysis of bone and remodeling of neck of femur

Secondary fractures

Question 17

Primary causes of hip dysplasia

Answer 17

Laxity of hip joints
Lack of formation of acetabulum
Poor coverage of femoral head

Question 18

Secondary causes of hip dysplasia

Answer 18

Subchondral sclerosis at cranial acetabular margin, moves laterally over time

Osteophytes at caudal aspect of femoral neck

Periarticular osteophyte formation on cranial effective acetabular rim and dorsal acetabular margin

Question 19

Morgan’s line

Answer 19

Bone formation in the caudolateral region of the femoral neck indicative of joint instability

Question 20

Broomstick conformation

Answer 20

Slender femoral neck merges without clear demarcation with the smaller femoral head

Question 21

CCLR - Cranial crucial ligament rupture

Answer 21

Compressed infrapatellar fatpad
Distal displacement of popliteal sesamoid
Osteophytes

Graded from 0 (none) to 5 (horrible)

Question 22

Views used to look at carpus/tarsus and paws

Answer 22

1. Dorsopalmar
2. Plantodorsal
3. Mediolateral
4. Oblique (medial, lateral)
5. Flexed, extended

Question 23

What problem can we see in Scottish fold?

Answer 23

Osteochondrodysplasia

• All affected less or more
• Symmetrical carpal and tarsal ankylosis
  Painful!

Question 24

Feline digit-lung syndrome

Answer 24

Primary neoplasia in lungs causes lytic changes in digital bones

Question 25

Hypertrophic osteopathy

Answer 25

Generalized osteoproductive disorder of the periosteum that affects the long and short tubular bones of the extremities.

Usually caused by a thoracic mass or cardiopulmonary disease.