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Human Movement > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What is arthrology?

A

The study of joints (articulations).

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2
Q

When is an articulation formed?

A

A joint (articulation) is formed when bones interact/come into contact.

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3
Q

What is the function of joints?

A

Joints hold the bones in their proper location and orientation. Joints also provide for different degrees of movement between the articulated bones.

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of articulations?

A

Bone to bone and bone to cartilage.

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5
Q

What is a simple joint system?

A

Neuro-mechanical basis of kinesiology. It is composed of a rigid link, a joint, a muscle, a neuron, and a sensory receptor.

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6
Q

What is the origin attachment site?

A

An attachment site for a less movable bone more fixed bone. Usually, proximal.

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7
Q

What is the insertion attachment site?

A

An attachment site for a more moveable bone. Usually, distal.

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8
Q

What is the action within a joint?

A

The mechanical outcome of a muscle contraction (Flexion of the radius ulna to
reduce the angle between anterior surfaces).

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9
Q

What are the muscles within an antagonistic couple?

A

The agonist (muscle that contracts to create most of the desired muscle action), the synergist (helps the agonist by stabilising the joint), the fixator (stabilises the origin of the agonist and the joint that the origin spans), and the antagonist (a muscle that opposes the action of the agonist, undoing the desired action).

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10
Q

What are the 2 systems joints that can be classified based on?

A

Functional and structural classification.

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11
Q

What is structural classification?

A

It is based on how the bones are attached/associate to each other /together i.e., what tissue binds bones together and presence or absence of a joint cavity.

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12
Q

What are the types of functional classifications?

A
  • Synarthroses – immovable – common in axial skeleton
  • Amphiarthroses – slightly movable – common in axial skeleton
  • Diarthroses – freely movable – common in appendicular skeleton
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13
Q

What is functional classification?

A

It is based on how much movement is facilitated at each joint.

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14
Q

Can joints be classified under both functional and structural classifications?

A

Yes, e.g. Tempro-mandibular joint is both diarthrosis & Synovial.

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15
Q

What is a synarthrosis joint?

A

Immovable joint, there exists no articular cavity or separation between bones.
(Cartilaginous and Fibrous).

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16
Q

What are the 3 types of synarthrosis joints?

A

Suture, synchondroses and gomphosis joints.

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17
Q

What is an amphiarthrosis joint?

A

Slightly moveable, no joint cavity and the bones are held together by cartilage, fibrous
tissue.

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18
Q

What are the 2 types of amphiarthroses joints?

A

Syndemosis (bones connected by ligaments) and symphysis (bones separated by fibrocartilage).

19
Q

What is a diarthrosis joint?

A

Freely Moveable; joint cavity present and the bones forming the joint are surrounded by articular capsule and accessory ligaments (Synovial).

20
Q

What are the characteristics of a diarthrosis joint?

A
  • An articular cavity is present.
  • The joint is enclosed within a sleeve-like ligamentous capsule.
  • The bi-layered capsule is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid for lubricating the joint.
  • The articular surfaces are smooth.
  • The articular surfaces are covered with specialised hyaline cartilage (no perichondrium and increased water content).
21
Q

What are the six sub-types of synovial/diarthrosis joints?

A
  • Planar: gliding joints (non-axial)
  • Ginglymus: Hinge joints (mono-axial)
  • Trochoid (mono-axial)
  • Ellipsoidal (bi-axial)
  • Sellaris (bi-axial)
  • Spheriod (tri-axial)
22
Q

What is a planar gliding joint?

A

A flat articular surface permits non-axial movement in single plane at right angle to each other. Twisting and rotation are restricted.

23
Q

What is a ginglymus hinge joint?

A

A convex surface fits into a concave surface of another bone. It provides for mono-axial motion and usually allows flexion and extension in plane.

24
Q

What is a trochoid joint?

A

A rounded or pointed surface articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone. It is a mono-axial joint.

25
Q

What is an ellipsoidal joint?

A

An oval-shaped bone with a concave depression in another. Movement is resisted by ligaments and the shape of the articular surfaces. It is a bi-axial joint.

26
Q

What is a sellaris joint?

A

A variation of the ellipsoidal joint, where one surface is shaped like a saddle. It is a bi-axial joint that permits movement in two planes.

27
Q

What is a spheroid joint?

A

A tri-axial joint that is also known as a ball and socket joint.

28
Q

What are the 3 types of structural classification?

A
  • Fibrous – no joint cavity and bones are held together by dense irregular connective tissue (synarthorosis)
  • Cartilaginous – no joint cavity and the bones are held together by hyaline/fibrocartilage (amphiarthrosis)
  • Synovial – joint cavity present and the bones forming the joint are surrounded by an articular capsule and accessory ligaments.
29
Q

What are the skeletal articulation movements?

A
  • Abduction/adduction
  • Rotation
  • Circumduction
  • Gliding
  • Elevation/depression
  • Inversion/eversion
  • Protraction/retraction
  • Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion
30
Q

What are the divisions of the muscular system?

A
  • Axial muscles – position the head and spinal column and move the ribcage/stabilise the core. They make up 60% of skeletal muscles.
  • Appendicular muscles – supports the pectoral and pelvic girdle and supports the lower limbs. They make up 40% of skeletal muscles.
31
Q

What is the general function of the skull?

A
  • Cranium (8 bones) – forms the cranial cavity, that supports, encloses and protects the brain.
  • Facial bones (14 bones)
32
Q

What are the bones within the cranium?

A
  • Frontal bone (1)
  • Parietal bone (2)
  • Occipital bone (1)
  • Temporal bone (2)
  • Sphenoid bone (1)
33
Q

What are the bones classified as the facial bones?

A
  • Mandible (1)
  • Maxilla (2)
  • Nasal bone
  • Vomer (1)
  • Lacrimal bone (2)
  • Inferior nasal concha (2)
  • Palatine bone (2)
  • Zygomatic bone (2)
34
Q

What are the 3 sutures on the skull?

A
  • Lamboid suture
  • Squamous suture
  • Coronal suture
35
Q

What are the functions of the vertebral column?

A

The Vertebral Column is the central axis/pillar of the body. It transmits the weight of the trunk to the lower limbs and surrounds and protects the spinal cord. It serves as attachment sites for the muscles of the neck and back. The anatomical structure alters as we move from superior to inferior.

36
Q

What is the arrangement of vertebrae?

A
  • Cervical (7)
  • Thoracic (12)
  • Lumbar (5)
  • Sacral (5)
  • Coccygeal (4)
37
Q

How can you tell the difference between cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae?

A
  • Cervical vertebrae have a larger vertebral foramen and a transverse foramen and process that is in line with the base of the body. It also has a concave spinous process.
  • Thoracic vertebrae have a circular vertebral foramen and thick transverse process and transverse costal facet.
  • Lumbar vertebrae have an oval/triangular smaller vertebral foramen and a thin transverse process.
38
Q

What are the functions of the abdomen?

A
  • Support the viscera
  • Stabilise the vertebral column
  • Help in respiration, urination, defecation and childbirth
  • Flexion, lateral flexion and rotation of vertebra
39
Q

What are the 4 pairs of sheet-like muscles in the abdomen?

A
  • Rectus abdominis
  • External oblique
  • Internal oblique
  • Transverse abdominis
  • Fascicles also run at right angles and oblique angles to one another, adding strength and movement.
40
Q

What is the function of the pectoral girdle?

A

The pectoral girdle facilitates the attachment of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.

41
Q

What is the structure of the pectoral girdle?

A

The clavicle is the more anterior of the two bones. It articulates with the sternum at the Sterno-Clavicular joint (Synovial-saddle) and with the scapula at the Acromio-Clavicular joint (Synovial Planar). The scapula which is posterior or dorsal to the clavicle articulates with the humerus and the clavicle, to form the spherical shoulder joint that allows tri-axial movement.

42
Q

What muscles make up the rotator cuff?

A
  • Supraspinatus
  • Infraspinatus
  • Teres minor
  • Subscapularis
43
Q

What muscles make up the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint?

A
  • Latissimus dorsi
  • Pectoralis major
  • Deltoid
  • Coracobrachialis
  • Supraspinatus
  • Infraspinatus
  • Teres minor
  • Teres major
  • Subscapularis
  • Biceps brachii
  • Triceps brachii (long head)

Human Movement (4 decks)

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