Joint movements

Question 1

Flexion:

Answer 1

Bending parts at a joint so that the angle between them decreases and the parts come closer together (bending the lower limb at the knee).

Question 2

Extension:

Answer 2

Straightening parts at a joint so that the angle between them increases and the parts move farther apart (straightening the lower limb at the knee).

Question 3

Hyperextension:

Answer 3

Excess extension of the parts at a joint, beyond the anatomical position (bending the head back beyond the upright position).

Question 4

Dorsiflexion:

Answer 4

Bending the foot at the ankle toward the shin (bending the foot upward).

Question 5

Plantar flexion:

Answer 5

Bending the foot at the ankle toward the sole (bending the foot downward).

Question 6

Abduction:

Answer 6

Moving a part away from the midline (lifting the upper limb horizontally to form a right angle with he side of the body)

Question 7

Adduction:

Answer 7

Moving a part toward the midline (returning the upper limb from the horizontal position to the side of the body).

Question 8

Rotation:

Answer 8

Moving a part around an axis (twisting the head from side to side). Medial rotation involves movement toward the midline, whereas lateral rotation involves movement in the opposite direction.

Question 9

Circumduction:

Answer 9

Moving a part so that its end follows a circular path (moving the finger in a circular motion without moving the hand).

Question 10

Supination:

Answer 10

Turning the hand so the palm is upward or facing anteriorly (in anatomical position).

Question 11

Pronation:

Answer 11

Turning the hand so the palm is downward or facing posteriorly (in anatomical position).

Question 12

Inversion:

Answer 12

Sole of the foot turns to face the midline.

Question 13

Eversion:

Answer 13

Sole of the foot turns to face away from the midline.