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Kines > Joint And Muscle > Flashcards

Joint And Muscle Flashcards

1
Q

tendons, ligaments, Type 1 collagen

A

Fibroblast

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2
Q

Type 2 collagen

A

Chondroblast

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3
Q

bone-forming

A

OsteoBlast

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4
Q

bone-destruction

A

Osteoclasr

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5
Q

Muscles

A

Mast cells

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6
Q

Fat cells

A

Adipose

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7
Q

embryo, bone marrow

A

Mesenchyme

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8
Q

B, T

A

Lymphocytes

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9
Q

WBC, primary “soldier

A

Neutrophils

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10
Q

matured form

A

Macrophages

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11
Q

found in plasma

A

Plasma cells

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12
Q

radius, ulna, femur)

A

Long bones

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13
Q

talus, capitate

A

Short

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14
Q

scapula, sternum, sphenoid

A

Flat

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15
Q

Lumbar

A

Irregular bones

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16
Q

Patella

A

Sesamoid

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17
Q

Bone properties

A

Calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, water
Provides strength and flexibility
Aging causes decrease

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18
Q

Femur
A rounded knuckle-like projection that forms part of a joint.

A

Condyle

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19
Q

Vertebrae

A small, smooth, flat surface that forms a joint with another bone.

A

Facet

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20
Q

Femoral, humeral

A rounded, ball-like end of a bone, often separated from the rest of the bone by a neck.

A

Head bone

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21
Q

A prominent ridge or elongated projection.

A

Crest

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22
Q

A projection above a condyle, often serving as an attachment point for muscles or ligaments.

A

Epicondyle

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23
Q

A less prominent ridge than a crest.

A

Line

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24
Q

A general term for any bony prominence or outgrowth.

A

Process bonw

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25
Q

A sharp, slender projection.

A

Spine

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26
Q

An interlocking line of union between bones, typically found in the skull

A

Suture

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27
Q

A large, blunt projection, typically found on the femur.

A

Trochanter

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28
Q

A small, rounded projection.

A

Tubercle

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29
Q

A large, rounded projection, often roughened for muscle attachmen

A

Tuberosity

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30
Q

A large, rounded projection, often roughened for muscle attachmen

A

Tuberosity

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31
Q

A small, smooth, flat surface that forms a joint with another bone (same as in processes).

A

Facet

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32
Q

A hole or opening through a bone, typically for the passage of nerves, blood vessels, or ligaments.

A

Foramen

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33
Q

A shallow depression or hollow, often serving as an articulation point or muscle attachment site.

A

Fossa

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34
Q

A small pit or depression, often for the attachment of a ligament or tendon.

A

Fovea

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35
Q

A canal-like passageway through a bone.

A

Meatus

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36
Q

An air-filled cavity within a bone, lined with mucous membrane, often connected to the nasal cavity.

A

Sinus

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37
Q

A groove or furrow on the surface of a bone, typically for the passage of a nerve, blood vessel, or tendon.

A

Sulcus

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38
Q

These joints permit little or no movement. They provide stability and protection.

A

Synarthroses (immovable)

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39
Q

These joints allow limited movement. They provide both stability and flexibility.

A

Amphiarthroses (slightly movable)

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40
Q

These joints permit a wide range of motion. They are essential for activities that require flexibility and mobility.

A

Diarthroses (freely movable)

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41
Q

These joints are connected by dense fibrous connective tissue, allowing for little or no movement. They provide stability and strength.

A

Fibrous Joints (slightly movable)

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42
Q

These joints are connected by cartilage, allowing for limited movement. They provide both stability and flexibility.

A

Cartilaginous Joints

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43
Q

These joints have a fluid-filled cavity between the bones, allowing for a wide range of motion. They are the most common type of joint in the body.

A

Synovial Joints (freely movable

44
Q

bones are connected by strong ligaments or interosseous membranes composed of dense fibrous connective tissue. These ligaments limit movement but provide significant stability.

Example: The interosseous membrane between the radius and ulna in the forearm, allowing for some rotation while maintaining stability.

A

Syndesmosis (fibrous, strong ligament)

45
Q

bones are joined by hyaline cartilage, a type of cartilage that is smooth and resilient. This type of joint allows for slight movement, particularly during growth and development.

Example:

The epiphyseal plates (growth plates) in long bones during childhood and adolescence. These plates are temporary joints that allow for bone growth

A

Synchondrosis (cartilaginous, hyaline cartilage)

46
Q

bones are connected by a pad of fibrocartilage, a type of cartilage that is tough and shock-absorbing. This type of joint allows for limited movement and helps to distribute forces.

Example:

The pubic symphysis, where the two halves of the pelvis are joined at the front. This joint allows for slight movement during childbirth.

A

Symphysis (cartilaginous, fibrocartilage)

47
Q

is a tough, outer layer of connective tissue that surrounds and encloses the entire joint. It provides stability and helps to maintain the joint’s integrity.

A

Fibrous capsule

48
Q

is a thin, inner layer that lines the fibrous capsule. It secretes synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint, nourishes the articular cartilage, and helps to reduce friction during movement

A

Synovial fluid

49
Q

are strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect bones to other bones. They provide stability, limit excessive movement, and help to prevent dislocation.

A

Ligaments

50
Q

is a smooth, white layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of the bones within a synovial joint. It reduces friction, absorbs shock, and helps to distribute forces evenly across the joint.

A

Articular cartilage

51
Q

are crescent-shaped pads of fibrocartilage found in some synovial joints. They improve congruence between the articulating surfaces, absorb shock, and enhance joint stability.

A

Articular Disc or Meniscus

52
Q

are masses of adipose tissue located within the joint capsule. They act as cushions, provide additional padding, and help to distribute synovial fluid within the joint.

A

Fat pads

53
Q

These joints have flat or slightly curved articulating surfaces that allow for gliding or sliding movements in multiple directions

Examples:

The intercarpal and intertarsal joints in the wrist and ankle, respectively.
The joints between the articular processes of the vertebrae.

A

Arthrodial/Gliding/Plane Joint

54
Q

These joints have a convex surface fitting into a concave surface, allowing for movement in one plane, like a door hinge (flexion and extension).

Examples:

The elbow joint, between the humerus and ulna.
The interphalangeal joints in the fingers and toes.

A

Ginglymus/Hinge Joint

55
Q

These joints have a rounded or pointed surface fitting into a ring formed partly by bone and partly by ligament, allowing for rotation around a central axis.

Examples:

The atlantoaxial joint between the first and second cervical vertebrae, allowing for head rotation.
The proximal radioulnar joint, allowing for pronation and supination of the forearm.

A

Trochoid/Pivot Joint

56
Q

These joints have an oval-shaped condyle fitting into an elliptical cavity, allowing for movement in two planes (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction) and limited circumduction.

Examples:

The metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles) in the hand.
The radiocarpal joint at the wrist.

A

Condyloid joint

57
Q

These joints have both articulating surfaces shaped like a saddle, allowing for movement in two planes (flexion/extension and abduction/adduction) and circumduction.

A

Sellar/Saddle Joint

58
Q

These joints have a ball-shaped head fitting into a cup-like socket, allowing for the greatest range of motion in all planes, including flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation, and circumduction

Examples:

The shoulder joint, between the humerus and scapula.
The hip joint, between the femur and pelvis.

A

Enarthrodial/Ball-and-Socket Joint

59
Q

These joints permit movement around only one axis. They typically involve hinge joints or pivot joints, allowing for flexion and extension or rotation, respectively.

Elbow joint (hinge joint) - allows flexion and extension of the forearm.
Atlantoaxial joint (pivot joint) - allows rotation of the head.

A

Uniaxial

60
Q

: These joints permit movement around two axes. They typically involve condyloid or saddle joints, allowing for flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and limited circumduction.

Examples:
Metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles) - allow flexion/extension and abduction/adduction of the fingers.
Wrist joint (condyloid joint) - allows flexion/extension and radial/ulnar deviation.

A

Biaxial

61
Q

These joints permit movement around three or more axes. They typically involve ball-and-socket joints, allowing for a wide range of motion, including flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, rotation, and circumduction.
Examples:
Shoulder joint - allows for a wide range of arm movements.
Hip joint - allows for a wide range of leg movements.

A

Multiaxial

62
Q

active/passive movement, joint stability)

A

Tendons

63
Q

Lubrication

A

Synovial sheath

64
Q

collagenous tissue, encloses joint)

a fibrous sac that encloses the entire synovial joint. It is composed of two layers: an outer fibrous layer that provides stability and an inner synovial membrane that secretes lubricating synovial fluid.

A

Joint capsule

65
Q

are strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect bones to other bones. They provide passive stability to joints by limiting excessive movement and preventing dislocation.

A

Ligaments

66
Q

are strong bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect bones to other bones. They provide passive stability to joints by limiting excessive movement and preventing dislocation.

A

Ligaments

67
Q

These ligaments are thickened parts of the joint capsule itself.

Example: The medial collateral ligament (MCL) of the knee joint is a capsular ligament that reinforces the medial side of the joint.

A

Capsular ligaments

68
Q

These ligaments are separate from the joint capsule and provide additional reinforcement.

Example: The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) of the knee joint is a noncapsular ligament that prevents excessive forward movement of the tibia relative to the femur.

A

Noncapsular

69
Q

is a band of connective tissue that holds tendons in place, preventing them from bowstringing during movement.

A

Retinaculum

70
Q

are fibrocartilaginous structures found in some synovial joints. They improve the fit between articulating surfaces, absorb shock, and enhance joint stability.

A

Articular disc

71
Q

is a fibrocartilaginous rim that extends from the edge of the socket in ball-and-socket joints like the shoulder and hip. It deepens the socket, increases joint stability, and creates a suction effect to help hold the joint together.

A

Labrum

72
Q

is a fibrocartilaginous rim that extends from the edge of the socket in ball-and-socket joints like the shoulder and hip. It deepens the socket, increases joint stability, and creates a suction effect to help hold the joint together.

A

Labrum

73
Q

Muscle tissue (ability to develop tension in response to stimuli)

A

Contractile

74
Q

Responsible for contractions

A

Contractile

75
Q

Connective tissue
Allows for passive movement/loading

A

Non-contractile

76
Q

Basic contractile unit, between two Z discs

A

Sarcomere

77
Q

Anisotropic, thick band (myosin)

A

A Band

78
Q

Isotropic, thin band (actin)

A

I band

79
Q

Center of sarcomere, anchors thick filaments

A

M Band

80
Q

Disappears during contraction, contains only myosin

A

H zone

81
Q

Protein, anchors thick filaments to Z discs, provides elasticity

A

Titin

82
Q

Muscle length remains constant, tension develops

A

Isometric

83
Q

Muscle shortens, tension overcomes resistance (work done by muscle)

A

Concentric

84
Q

Muscle lengthens, tension controls resistance (negative work)

A

Eccentric

85
Q

Alpha motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

A

Motor unit

86
Q

Low threshold, fatigue-resistant, oxidative metabolism

A

Slow twitch type 1

87
Q

Higher threshold, greater force, fatigue faster, glycolytic metabolism

A

Fast twitch type 2

88
Q

Small, red, dense capillaries, high myoglobin, slow contraction, slow fatigue (e.g., soleus)

A

Type 1

89
Q

Intermediate, red, dense capillaries, intermediate myoglobin, fast contraction, intermediate fatigue (e.g., vastus lateralis)

A

TypeIIA

90
Q

Large, white, sparse capillaries, low myoglobin, fast contraction, fast fatigue (e.g., gastrocnemius)

A

TypeIIB

91
Q

Cross-sectional area, fiber type

A

Physiological

92
Q

Muscle fiber activation, rate of motor unit activation

A

Neural

93
Q

Muscle architecture, force-length relationship, force-velocity relationship

A

Biomechanical

94
Q

Fibers arranged diagonally to the line of pull (e.g., rectus femoris, deltoid)

A

Pennate

95
Q

Fibers run parallel to the line of pull (e.g., biceps brachii, sartorius)

A

Nonpennate

96
Q

Increases the number of fibers per unit area, increasing force potential

A

Pennation

97
Q

Increased shortening velocity, decreased force

A

Concentric

98
Q

Increased lengthening velocity, increased force

A

Eccentric

99
Q

Zero velocity, maximum force

A

Isometric

100
Q

Muscle cannot shorten enough to produce full ROM at all joints it crosses

A

Active Insufficienc

101
Q

Muscle cannot lengthen enough to allow full ROM at all joints it crosses

A

Passive insufficiency

102
Q

Prime mover, produces the desired movement

A

Agonist

103
Q

Opposes the agonist, controls or slows down movement

A

Antagonist

104
Q

Assists the agonist, stabilizes the joint, or modifies the movemen

A

Synergist

105
Q

Stabilizes the origin of the agonist

A

Fixator

Kines (3 decks)

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