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American Dream History > John Kennedy (1961-1963) > Flashcards

John Kennedy (1961-1963) Flashcards

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1
Q

Kennedys strengths?

A

War hero, young, charismatic
13 years experience in Congress
7 years experience in Senate
Support from Northern Democrats
Support from Catholics
Appealed to African Americans

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2
Q

Kennedys weaknesses?

A

Youth
Many believe his father was trying to buy his presidency
Religion lost him votes

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3
Q

Nixon strengths?

A

13 years experience in Congress
8 years experience as VP
Reputation as an anti-communist
Non - privileged background
Support in home state California

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4
Q

Nixon Weaknesses?

A

Rejected advice on the TV debates

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5
Q

Why did Kennedy win his election?

A

Called MLK’s wife because MLK was in prison and took 70% of black votes

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6
Q

Who was part of Kennedy’s administration?

A

Lyndon Baines Johnson
Sargent Shriver
Robert McNamara
Dean Rusk
McGeorge Bundy
Bobby Kennedy

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7
Q

Who was Lyndon Baines Johnson during Kennedy?

A

Served for 24 years in Congress and balanced the ticket as a Southerner served for 24 years in Congress and balanced the ticket as a Southerner

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8
Q

Who was Sargent Shriver during Kennedy?

A

Kennedy’s brother-in-law and trained lawyer

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9
Q

Who was Robert McNamara during Kennedy?

A

Taught accountancy at Harvard Headed the Department of Defence
Favoured military intervention

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10
Q

Who was Dean Rusk during Kennedy?

A

Secretary of State

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11
Q

Who was McGeorge Bundy during Kennedy?

A

Former intelligence officer in WW2
Served as National Security
Advocated escalation in Vietnam

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12
Q

Who was Bobby Kennedy during Kennedy?

A

Younger brother who ran his election campaign

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13
Q

What was the 1962 Executive Order?

A

Provided federal employees with collective bargaining rights

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14
Q

When was the Fair Labor Standards Act during Kennedy?

A

1961

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15
Q

Aim of the New Frontier during Kennedy?

A

Achieving equality of opportunity

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16
Q

How much was minimum wage increased during Kennedy?

A

$1.25

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17
Q

How much were social welfare benefits increased by?

A

20%

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18
Q

What was the Omnibus Housing Act 1962?

A

Gave $5 million for the extension of existing public house schemes

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19
Q

What bill did Congress reject regarding health during Kennedy?

A

Medicare

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20
Q

What Act allowed millions of children to be vaccinated during Kennedy?

A

Social Security Act of 1963

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21
Q

When was Civil Rights Bill introduced during Kennedy?

A

1963

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22
Q

What Act allowed equal pay for women during Kennedy?

A

Equal Pay Act 1963

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23
Q

How many astronauts were safely put into space during Kennedy?

A

6

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24
Q

What Act did Kennedy pass regarding the environment?

A

Clean Air Act 1963

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25
Q

What is Kennedy usually remembered for?

A

Style over substance

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26
Q

Failures to Kennedy’s New Frontier?

A

The Executive lacked influence over key figures in Congress
Foreign policy dominated most of his time
Dixiecrats made it difficult for Kennedy to pass civil rights legislation

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27
Q

Where and when did Khrushchev and Kennedy meet for the first time?

A

Summit in Vienna in 1961

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28
Q

What was the Summit in Vienna about during Kennedy?

A

Discussion about Berlin, Cuba and Laos

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29
Q

What was Kennedy’s response to the Berlin Wall?

A

Better than a war

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30
Q

What did Fidel Castro do in Cuba during Kennedy?

A

Nationalised hundreds of American businesses

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31
Q

When was the Bay of Pigs during Kennedy?

A

April 1961

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32
Q

Why was the invasion of Bay of Pigs a failure during Kennedy?

A

Exiles were captured by 20,000 Cubans and those who escaped failed to persuade the local population to rise against Castro

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33
Q

Who formed closer trading relationship with Castro during Kennedy?

A

Khrushchev

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34
Q

When and what was put in Cuba during Kennedy?

A

1962 - Khrushchev placed Soviet missiles on Cuba

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35
Q

When was the Cuban Missile Crisis during Kennedy?

A

October 1962

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36
Q

How long did the Cuban Missile Crisis last during Kennedy??

A

13 days

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37
Q

What was the Cuban Missile Crisis during Kennedy?

A

U-2 spy plane discovered Soviet missiles in Cuba

Robert Kennedy is told USSR is only helping with growing crops and missiles are only for defense

Khrushchev refused to remove missiles

Kennedy ordered flights over Cuba to be increased to twice a day

27th October U-2 plane is shot down over Cuba. Khrushchev sends 2nd telegram telling US to dismantle missiles in Turkey

Both Khrushchev and Kennedy agree

38
Q

What was the result of the Cuban Missile Crisis during Kennedy?

A

Kennedy stated Cuba to be the “greatest defeat in our history”

Missiles in Cuba were removed within 2 months

39
Q

Who was the leader of South Vietnam during Kennedy?

A

Ngo Dinh Diem

40
Q

Why did people hate Ngo Dinh Diem during Kennedy?

A

Persecuted the Buddhist majority

41
Q

How did North Vietnam react to Ngo Dinh Diem during Kennedy?

A

By 1960 Communist North encouraged a rebellion in the South in hope to remove Diem and reunite Vietnam

42
Q

How many US advisors were in South Vietnam by the end of Kennedys presidency?

A

23,000

43
Q

What side were the Vietcong part of during Kennedy?

A

North

44
Q

What was strategic hamlets during Kennedy?

A

Kennedy moved Vietnamese peasants to villages to protect them from the Vietcong

Resented by peasants and Vietcong still treated them respectfully

45
Q

Why was there international opposition towards US involvement in South Vietnam during Kennedy?

A

Buddhist monk burned himself in 1963

46
Q

Was Vietnam a success or failure in Kennedy’s presidency?

A

Failure

47
Q

How many black judges did Kennedy create?

A

5

48
Q

What did Kennedy do when King was arrested?

A

Publicly intervened in Atlanta sit-in by calling King’s wife Coretta

49
Q

Did sit-ins begin in Kennedy’s presidency?

A

No it started in Eisenhower’s presidency

50
Q

What campaign’s were sit ins used at in Kennedy’s reign?

A

Albany
Birmingham
Selma

51
Q

When was the Freedom Riders during Kennedy?

A

1961

52
Q

What group led the Freedom Riders during Kennedy?

A

CORE

53
Q

What was the Freedom Riders in Kennedy’s presidency?

A

Aim was to see if buses had been desegregated
13 riders, 7 black and 6 white
Led by James Farmer
Set out from Washington to New Orleans
Prompted violence

54
Q

Response to the Freedom Rides during Kennedy?

A

Received huge media attention
Bobby Kennedy ordered a cooling-off period
1961 ICC issued instructions ending segregation on travel facilities

55
Q

When was the Albany Campaign during Kennedy?

A

November 1961

56
Q

What group was in charge of the Albany Campaign during Kennedy?

A

SNCC

57
Q

Popular police officer in the Albany Campaign during Kennedy?

A

Laurie Pritchett

58
Q

What did police officer instruct other officers to do in the Albany Campaign during Kennedy?

A

Stated provoking violence led to media attention
Police marches carefully and protect demonstrators
Contact local jail 40 miles radius to ensure jail spaces are available
Treat King with care

59
Q

Who did not like Laurie Pritchett tactics during Kennedy?

A

SNCC

60
Q

What did the SNCC think about MLK at the Albany Campaign during Kennedy?

A

He was taking their glory

61
Q

What was King offered when he was arrested at the Albany Campaign during Kennedy and what option did he choose?

A

$178 fine
Jail (his choice)

62
Q

What did Pritchett do for MLK instead of letting him sit in jail during Kennedy?

A

Discreetly arranged for King’s fine to be paid and he was released with little fuss

63
Q

What did the Albany Campaign accomplish during Kennedy?

A

Within a year Albany’s facilities were desegregated

64
Q

Who was James Meredith?

A

In the US force from 1951-1960
Took advantage of GI Bill

65
Q

What university did James Meredith attend during Kennedy?

A

University of Mississippi (Ole Miss)

66
Q

Who tried to stop James Meredith going to university during Kennedy?

A

Democrat Governor of Mississippi Ross Barnett

67
Q

When did James Meredith enroll to university during Kennedy?

A

1962

68
Q

What did James Meredith’s enrollment cause during Kennedy?

A

Riots where 2 people were killed
Robert Kennedy brought in army and marshals to maintain order
40 soldiers were injured

69
Q

Outcome of Ole Miss during Kennedy?

A

Meredith graduated in 1963
Kennedy stood up for African Americans in the south

70
Q

Who was Governor of Alabama during Kennedy?

A

Democrat George Wallace

71
Q

What did George Wallace promise in his speech during Kennedy?

A

‘Segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever’

72
Q

What did George Wallace block during Kennedy?

A

Blocked the access of 2 black students to the University of Alabama which had already been integrated

73
Q

What did Kennedy do about George Wallace actions?

A

Kennedy federalised the Alabama National Guard to force Wallace to step aside

74
Q

When and who led the Birmingham campaign during Kennedy?

A

1963
SCLC

75
Q

Why was Birmingham called “Bombingham” during Kennedy?

A

KKK activity, beat Freedom Riders when they came in 1961 (Eisenhower presidency)

76
Q

What tactics did the SCLC using in Birmingham during Kennedy?

A

Marches
Sit-ins
Boycotts

77
Q

What did SCLC lack money to do during Birmingham campaign during Kennedy?

A

Lacked money to cover Kings bail
He was kept in solitary confinement

78
Q

How was MLK released from prison during Birmingham during Kennedy?

A

His wife contacted Kennedy’s Administration and was released

79
Q

What did James Bevel propose to use in the Birmingham during Kennedy?

A

Young children (MLK was worried but worked as police attacked children with dogs and got media attention

80
Q

Results in Birmingham during Kennedy?

A

Event became known worldwide because of the media
Kings motel was bombed
4 months later KKK bombed church killing 4 young girls

81
Q

When was the March on Washington during Kennedy?

A

1963

82
Q

How many marches were at Washington during Kennedy?

A

200,000

83
Q

Who organised the Washington March during Kennedy?

A

MLK of SCLC
James Farner of CORE
Roy Wilkins of the NAACP
Whitney Young of the Urban League Randolph himself as head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.

84
Q

What was the goal of the Washington March during Kennedy?

A

Increase pressure on Kennedy’s Administration
“For Jobs and Freedoms”

85
Q

Were any marches arrested during Washington during Kennedy?

A

No

86
Q

Highlight of the Washington March during Kennedy?

A

“I have a Dream Speech” by MLK

87
Q

Situation in the North to do with Civil Rights during Kennedy?

A

De facto remained in the North
Malcom X criticised MLK for the peaceful movement tactics
Black life expectancy was 7 years shorter then white life expectancy

88
Q

Who were the opponents of the Civil Rights during Kennedy?

A

The General Public
White Citizens Council
Middle Class
The KKK
The Dixiecrats

89
Q

What events prompted Kennedy to draft a Civil Rights Bill?

A

Birmingham and Washington

90
Q

What did Kennedy’s Civil Rights Bill include?

A

Promise to give everyone the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public

American Dream History (4 decks)

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