Job Analysis Flashcards
A distinct work activity carried out for a distinct purpose (aka duties like typing a manuscript)
Task
Set of related tasks (assistant professor)
Job
Set of tasks performed by a given individual at a given firm (assistant professor in OB area of scheller)
Position
Group of similar jobs found in different organizations (management professor)
Occupation
Task
Distinct work activity carried out for a distinct purpose (aka duties)
-typing a manuscript
Job
Set of related tasks
-assistant professor
Position
Set of tasks performed by a given individual at a given firm
-assistant professor in OB area of scheller
Occupation
Group of similar jobs found in different organizations
Identified the output of work process, the activities involved, inputs, equipment, and Human Resources
Work flow analysis
Work flow analysis order
Raw inputs, equipment, Human Resources -> Activity -> Output
What materials, data, and information are needed? (Work flow analysis)
Raw inputs
What special equipment, facilities, and systems are needed? (Work flow analysis)
Equipment
What knowledge, skills, and abilities are needed by those performing the tasks? (Work flow analysis)
Human Resources
What tasks are required in the production of the output? (Work flow analysis)
Activity
What product, information, or information, or service is provided? How is the output measured? (Workflow analysis)
Output
Utility of work flow analysis (4)
Must know work processes to identify when each work unit is properly staffed
Allow organizations to identify opportunities to outsource, automate, or restructure given jobs or tasks
Increases efficiencies by reducing downtime or bottlenecks in the work process
Knowing work process will also affect managerial roles
The process of gathering information related to the activities performed in a job
Must then hypothesize about the personal characteristics necessary to perform the work
Source of knowledge for recruitment, selection, training, performance appraisals, work redesign, and terminations
Critical in legal proceedings
Job analysis (JA)
Job analysis (JA)
The process of gathering information related to the activities performed in a job
Must then hypothesize about the personal characteristics necessary to perform the work
Source of knowledge for recruitment, selection, training, performance appraisals, work redesign, and terminations
Critical in legal proceedings
List of tasks, duties, and responsibilities that a particular job entails
Job description
Job description
List of tasks, duties, and responsibilities that a particular job entails
Key components of Job Description (3)
Job title
Brief description of the TDRs
List of the essential tasks with detailed specifications explaining how to carry out each task
Two parts of job analysis
Job description
Job specifications
Examples of job description
Emptying all garbage cans on the 4th floor
Coordinating meetings scheduled
Developing a marketing strategy
List of the knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics (KSAOs) that an individual must have to perform a particular job
Job specification
Job specification
List of the knowledge, skills, abilities, and other characteristics (KSAOs) that an individual must have to perform a particular job
Examples of job specifications
Knowledge of spreadsheet software programs
Skill in the repair of copiers
Ability to work cooperatively in small groups
Conscientious with paperwork
KSAO
Knowledge, skills, abilities, other
KSAO: knowledge
Factual or procedural information (what is a job analysis)
KSAO: skills
Level of proficiency at performing a particular task (conduct a job analysis)
KSAO: abilities
General enduring capability to develop new Ks or Ss (intelligence)
KSAO: other
Traits such as personality, values, or motivation (performance goal-orientation or extraversion)
Sources of information
Standardized sources
Local questionnaires and interviews
Others? Observation, supervisor, CI
Combination of sources is ideal
Measures apply across settings as much as possible so they tend to concentrate on general characteristics
Consistent, not specific, and low cost
Example: O*NET or Dictionary of Occupational Titles
Standardized sources
Incumbents may try to talk up their positions
Inconsistent, very specific, and high cost
Ex. PAQ or Fleishman Job Analysis System
Local questionnaires and interviews
Utility of job analysis (4)
Staffing
Training/development
Compensation
Performance appraisal
Utility of job analysis: staffing
Find out KSAOs required for performance and the selection tools that assess them
Utility of job analysis: training/development
Identify knowledge and skills that should be taught
Utility of job analysis: compensation
Determining fair pay procedures based on job characteristics
Utility of job analysis: performance appraisal
Communicating expectations about tasks
Job analysis: expiration date?
Job analysis must be constantly updated, as jobs are becoming more adaptable and constantly subject to change
Why are competencies favored over KSAOs?
Because they may contribute to success on multiple jobs and organizational performance
The process of defining how work will be led corned and what tasks will be required in a given job or changing an existing job design
Job (re)design
To design jobs effectively, a person must thoroughly understand (2)
The job itself (through job analysis) and
It’s place in the units work flow (work flow analysis)
Study of jobs to find the simplest way to structure work in order to maximize efficiency
Industrial engineering
Goal of early job redesign
To maximize efficiency and reduce training needs, mistakes, and mental demands
Hackman & Oldham Job Characteristics Model (5 Characteristics)
Skill variety Task identity Task significance Autonomy Feedback
Extent to which a job requires a variety of skills to carry out task involved
Skill variety
Degree to which a job requires completing a whole, meaningful unit of work
Task identify
Extent to which the job has an important impact on the lives of other people
Task significance
Degree to which the job allows an individual to make decisions about the way work will be carried out
Autonomy
Extent to which a person receives clear information about performance and effectiveness
Feedback
Refers to a broadening of the types of tasks performed. The objective is to make jobs less repetitive and more interesting
Job enlargement
Job enlargement
Refers to a broadening of the types of tasks performed. The objective is to make jobs less repetitive and more interesting
Two methods of job enlargement
Job extension
Job rotation
Combining numerous simple jobs to form a job with a wider range of tasks
Job extension
No actual job redesign; move employees among several different jobs
Job rotation
Job extension
Method of job enlargement
Combining numerous simple jobs to form a job with a wider range of fans
Job rotation
Method of job enlargement
No actual job redesign; move employees among several different jobs
Empowering workers by adding more decision-making authority to jobs
Based on Herzberg’s theory of motivation that individuals are motivated more by the intrinsic aspects of work
Creating jobs that are more inherently satisfying to all employees
Job enrichment
Job enrichment
Empowering workers by adding more decision-making authority to jobs
Based on Herzberg’s theory of motivation that individuals are motivated more by the intrinsic aspects of work
Creating jobs that are more inherently satisfying to all employees
These have authority for an entire work process or segment:
Schedule work, hire team members, resolve team performance problems, perform other duties traditionally handled by management
Team member motivated by autonomy, skill variety, and task identity
Requires large amounts of training
Self-managing work teams (SMWTs)
The study of the interface between individuals’ physical work environment
Ergonomics
Ergonomics
The study of the interface between individual’ physiology and the characteristics of the physical work environment
Goal of ergonomics
To minimize physical strain on the worker by structuring the physical work environment around the way the human body works
