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globalization, social justice and human rights > JMP EXAM > Flashcards

JMP EXAM Flashcards

1
Q

democracy describes 5 characteristics of elections

A
  1. competitive
  2. free
  3. fair
  4. respect for basic civil liberties
  5. cabinet has effective power to govern
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2
Q

4 concepts relevant to characterizing democracy

A
  1. RCE - reasonably competitive elections, devoid of massive fraud,
  2. BCL - basic civil liberties: freedom of speech, assembly, association
  3. EP - elected governments have effective power to govern
  4. AF - additional political, economical, social features associated with democracy
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3
Q

4 processes of liberal democracy

A
  1. all citizens have opportunities to participate in politics
  2. to voice their opinions
  3. influence political decision-making
  4. ensure that citizens and their interests are represented
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4
Q

political news need to be 3

A
  1. factual
  2. substantial
  3. diverse
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5
Q

platforms exert influence on the conditions of journalism 3 levels

A
  1. news created based on journalism quality
  2. promoting and financing festivals, meetings or anything that produces discourse around journalism
  3. identifying reliability, measuring impact and determining quality
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6
Q

political information environment

A

supply and demand of political news
supply = quantity and quality of news produced
demand = amount and quality of information consumed

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7
Q

political news need to be 3

A
  1. factual
  2. substantial - relevance
  3. diverse
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8
Q

platforms exert their influence over journalism on 3 levels

A
  1. creation of news initiatives based on journalism quality
  2. promoting and financing festivals, meetings - anything that produces discourse around journalism
  3. identifying reliability, measuring impact, determining quality
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9
Q

platformization of news 2

A
  1. legitimization of platforms in journalism
  2. field actor interactives
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10
Q

6 concerns of decline of political news

A
  1. decline of supply of political information
  2. decline of quality of news
  3. increasing media concentration and decline of diversity
  4. increased fragmentation and polarization
  5. increased relativism
  6. increased inequality in political knowledge
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11
Q

incidental exposure
soft news
political parallelism

A

exposed to news and political info by accident

topic cluster of a story

media outlets have political connections

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12
Q

sciences that contribute to a multi-disciplinary nature

A
  1. political science
  2. sociology
  3. communication research/media studies
  4. cognitive & social psychology
  5. the old rhetorics
  6. linguistics and semiotics
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13
Q

normative cypher of the definition of political communication

A
  1. exchange of symbolic resources for the power contest
  2. environment of freedom
  3. dialectics among players
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14
Q

political communication

A

exchange and the confrontation of contents of public/political interest, produced by political players, the media and citizens

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15
Q

diaological model
media-centered model

A

meida system
political system
citizens
a,b,c - political communication
in the center = mediatized pol com

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16
Q

6 actors and forms of political communicaiton

A
  1. political system –> media system
    - laws, regulations
    - media/news management
  2. political system –> citizen/voter
    -institutional communication
    - personal contact
    - campaigns
  3. citizen/voter –> political system
    - ballot
    - public debate
    - electoral polls
  4. media system –> political system
    - information (journalism)
    - watchdog
    - partisan info
    - mediatization
  5. media system –> citizen/voter
    - news/infotainment
    - partisan info
    - political commercial
  6. citizen/voter –> media system
    - participation to media programs
    - letters to media players
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17
Q

5 models of interaction media-politics

A
  1. adversarial (watchdog)
  2. parallelism
  3. exchange (mutually dependent) (politicians need media, media needs politicians)
  4. competition (media keeps own political program)
  5. market (commercial logic), (commercial leading the media)
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18
Q

3 phases of political communication

A
  1. changes within values and social systems
  2. technological development (from tv to internet)
  3. crisis of the ideologies and of the political systems
  4. globalization of the economy and culture
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19
Q

4 ages of political communication

A
  1. parties dominate the political scene and drive democratic insitutions
  2. tv dominated media (60s-80s)
  3. professionalization of the relation with public opinion
  4. digital media platforms, information overload, mediatized political communication
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20
Q

12 characteristics of the 4th age

A
  1. weaker state institutions
  2. large, complex policy areas and risks
  3. low trust in political institutions, experts, and elite
  4. fragmented parties
  5. cultural identity and nationalism
  6. unstable new parties, social movements
  7. fall of established news organizations
  8. getting news from social media not legacy news producers
  9. information overload
  10. volatile electorates
  11. audiences fragmented and polarized
  12. divide between public, symbolic politics and private, lobbied politics
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21
Q

why is media logic fruitful

A
  • addresses how transforming the media landscape impacts politics
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22
Q

logic

A

behavior that is consistent and reasonable within the rules, resources, and norms of the institutional context
= norms, strategies, mechanisms, and economies that drive this dynamic and how they translate into operational features in everyday practices of media

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23
Q

media logic

A

understand the role of media as recognizing social reality
form through which events and ideas are interpreted and acted upon

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24
Q

when is media logic relevant

A
  • when events, actions, actors’ performance reflect information technologies and formats that govern communication
25
Q

2 corollaries of media logic

A
  1. media and social institutions cannot be studied separately
  2. causal explanation treating them as separate is misleading
26
Q

mediatization

A

all parts of society are affected by media; everyday practices and social relations are shaped by mediating technologies and media organizations

27
Q

mediatization describes 2 things

A
  1. process within globalization, individualizaiton, commercizalization
  2. analyze the interplay between media and other social institutions
28
Q

mediatization as a 4 dimensional process

A
  1. examines media as the primary source of information for politics
  2. independence of media as an institution from political or social entities
  3. influence on media logic on content where media shape coverage based on their interest
  4. political entities are guided by media logic rather than by political logic
29
Q

mediatization of politics

A

political action adjusts to the logic and formats of media communication

30
Q

2 effects of mediatization

A
  1. media-driven
  2. political
31
Q

hybrid media systems

A

dense communication environments where newer and older media logics and practices are intertwined

32
Q

network media logic 3 dimensions

A
  1. content production
  2. information distribution
  3. media usage
33
Q

3 elements grounded in 1 condition = 4 features of network media logic

A
  1. programmability - codes and users
  2. popularity - algorithms, socioeconomic components
  3. connectivity - connect content to users
  4. datafication - aspects of the world quantified (GPS, social media for talking)
34
Q

news media trust

A

willingness of the audience to be vulnerable to news content based on the expectation that the media will perform in a satisfactory manner

35
Q

media distrust

A
  1. antipathy towards the press
  2. decline in political trust
36
Q

polarization means 2 things

A
  1. moving apart to opposite extremes
  2. moving together to single extreme
37
Q

ideological polarization

A

extent to which opinions on issues are opposed in relation to some theoretical maximum

38
Q

3 levels of polarization

A
  1. social (abortion, lgbtq)
    - elite
    - mass
  2. group - group identity, like-mindedness
  3. individual level - precise information or biased based on own beliefs
39
Q

4 types of polarization

A
  1. ideological consistency - attitude becomes consistent = ideology has moved together
  2. ideological divergence - ideology has moved apart
  3. perceived polarization - mass perceives parties as polarized
  4. affective polarization - opposition = dislike; out-group
40
Q

5 strategies to navigate polarization

A
  1. mitigate (make less severe) - factual, unbiased, neutral, objective
  2. align to - compromise to please the audience
  3. nurture - propaganda
  4. create - black/white; good/bad - subjective
  5. ignore - it’s already incorporated
41
Q

infodemic
posth-truth

A

rapid and far-reaching spread of both accurate and inaccurate information

accept based on beliefs not facts

42
Q

junk-news

A
  • lack of professionalism
  • sensationalism
  • bias
  • low credibility
  • forgery/plagiarism
43
Q

3 elements to understand information ecosystem

A
  1. production - motivation for those creating content
  2. content - types of content being created and shared
  3. reception - ways content is being disseminated
44
Q

3 reasons why news avoidance matters

A
  1. democratic problem = political knowledge and engagement
  2. business model will be pressured
  3. weaken professional journalism
45
Q

4 approaches to operationalizing news avoidance

A
  1. cluster analysis - define groups based on their news exposure
  2. relative cut-off point
  3. absolute cut-off point
  4. self-identifying as news avoiders
46
Q

4 types of exposure to news

A
  1. actively seek out news (intentional exposure)
  2. watch news because come across accidentally (unintentional exposure)
  3. do not get around to watch news (unintentional avoidance)
  4. don’t watch because don’t want to (intentional avoidance)
47
Q

2 points from operationalization of news avoidance are learnt

A
  1. distinction between intentional and unintentional
  2. avoidance does not entail low news exposure
48
Q

news avoidance causes

A
  1. dislike for news
  2. prefer other content
  3. news is too pessimistic
  4. lack of trust
  5. information overload
  6. algorithms
49
Q

2 levels for incidental news exposure

A
  1. passive scanning of incidentally encountered political information for relevance
  2. intentional processing of incidentally encountered content
50
Q

6 ecological levels influencing incidental exposure

A

characteristics of individual
1. cognitive ability
2. demographic/identity
3. perception of the information environment
4. level of motivation
environmental factors
5. level of the social network
6. level of media systems

51
Q

3 things platforms have in common

3 factors that make them do it

A
  1. deliver service via digital media
  2. global scale
  3. engineering companies
  4. economies of scale
  5. powerful network effects = more use, more attractiveness
  6. data network effects
52
Q

3 powers of platforms

A
  1. economic and political power = influence decisions
  2. cultural power
  3. unique forms of power (community standards, making rules, automated actions, information asymmetry)
53
Q

6 platforms power over news

A
  1. interaction between users
  2. automated way
  3. large user base
  4. collect data
  5. serve own interest
  6. more users, more value
54
Q

reasons for publishers to engage with platforms

A
  1. audience reach
  2. returning, on-site audience
  3. brand recognition and relevance
55
Q

news organizations 3 tactics

A
  1. coexistence
  2. confrontation
  3. collaboration
56
Q

platform publishing

A

publishers control the produced content and channels of distribution, but rely on
1. distributed discovery (using platforms to
build audience around their own channels)
2. distributed content (delivering content through
platforms’ channels )

57
Q

platformed publishing

A

news organizations have no control over the distribution because of platforms

58
Q

4 characteristics for practical relations between publishers and platforms

A
  1. short-term opportunity - long-term risk
  2. fear of missing out
  3. difficult to evaluate the returns of investments
  4. asymmetry between few large platforms and many publishers

globalization, social justice and human rights (1 decks)

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