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Clin Path Test Three > Jen's "to know" > Flashcards

Jen's "to know" Flashcards

1
Q

Decreased alb, decreased glob, decreased antithrombin

A

Protein losing enteropathy

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2
Q
A

MAP Struvite

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3
Q

T/F hypoalbuminemia can be due to diet

A

TRUE- intake vs need

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4
Q

What casts are never normal

A

Epithelial cellular casts

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5
Q

Fanconi- glucose findings

A

Glucosuria but not hyperglycemia

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6
Q

When are fatty casts seen

A

cats, schnauzers, diabetes, nephrotic syndrome, any hyperlipidemic animal

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7
Q
A

Ammonium biurate

Golden to brown spheres with irregular protrusions

Rare normal in dalmation, bulldogs

Liver failure, sago palm

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8
Q

When are hemoglobin casts seen

A

Hemoglobinemia and intravascular hemolysis

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9
Q

Protein plasma concentration -age

A

Neonates low albumin, low globulin until colostrum

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10
Q
A

Calcium oxalate monohydrate

ethylene glycol poisoning

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11
Q
A

Caudate epithlium

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12
Q

When is the ability to concentrate urine lost

A

66% nephron function loss

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13
Q

Polyclonal gammopathy

A

Wide, blunted SPE peak; likely infection or antigenic stimulation

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14
Q
A

pseudo casts

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15
Q
A

Squamous epithelium

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16
Q
A

NMB fungal aspergillosis

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17
Q

Calcium Oxalate Dihydrate - cause

A

Eating plants, can be normal (di- two lines crossing)

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18
Q
A

Transitional epithelium

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19
Q

Effect of rapid fluid replacement after hemorrhage

A

hypoproteinemia and anemia

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20
Q
A

Epithelial (cellular) casts

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21
Q
A

lipid droplet

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22
Q

What type of APP - albumin

A

Negative

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23
Q
A

Wazy cast

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24
Q
A

Fatty cats (normal in cats, animal with hyperlipidemia

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25
Q

What casts are normal to see in low numbers

A

Granular and hyaline

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26
Q

WHen is ability to clear nitrogenous waste lost

A

75% nephron function loss- azotemia

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27
Q
A

Amorphous urates

Brown small spheroids in acidic

(remember amorphous phosphates in alkaline, colorless)

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28
Q
A

MAP Struvite

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29
Q
A

RBCs

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30
Q
A

Unstained bacteria

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31
Q
A

Renal tubular epithelium - rectangular, lipid vacuoles in cat

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32
Q

3 causes of heme reaction on dipstick

A

Hemoglobinuria, myoglobinuria, hematuria

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33
Q
A

Fungal aspergillosis

Branching hyphae

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34
Q
A

WBC

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35
Q

Estimate fibrinogen

A

TP before and after heating- difference

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36
Q
A

Squamous epithelium

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37
Q
A

Calcium oxalate dihydrate

Plants!

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38
Q

How do granular casts progress

A

Coarse to fine to waxy

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39
Q
A

Rods

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40
Q

What crystals can form sitting at room temp

A

Amorphous urate and calcium oxalate

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41
Q
A

Capillaria plica

Parasite, cat hematuria, fenbendazole

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42
Q

What causes lipid turbidity

A

Not fasted sample

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43
Q

Monoclonal gammopathy

A

Sharp, narrow SPE peak, likely neoplasia

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44
Q
A

Calcium carbonate

dumbells/radiant spheres

Alkaline

Abnormal not to have in horse, guine pig, rabbit, elephant

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45
Q
A

Granular cast

46
Q
A

Sulfa crystals

Haystack bundles or radiant spheres

47
Q

What are pseudo casts and what characterizes them

A

Mucus threads, walls not parallel

48
Q
A

RBC

49
Q

APP and inflammation- mechanism

A

Increased synthesis in response to cytokines- fibrinogen

50
Q

Struvite vs CaOxMono (CAM)

A

CAM in acidic, not 3D, no line; Struvites with line, coffin lid, alkaline

51
Q

Plasma result of dehydration

A

Hyperproteinemia, erythrocytosis

52
Q
A

Squamous epithelial

53
Q

Decreased alb, decreased antithrombin, normal globulin

A

Protein losing nephropathy

54
Q

Describe hyaline casts

A

Protein net of tubule

55
Q
A

NMB Epithelial cellular casts

56
Q
A

WBC

57
Q
A

Calcium oxalate monohydrate

Ethylene glycol

58
Q
A

Budding yeast- candida spp.

On systemic Abx

59
Q

Conditions causing amorphous phosphates

A

Normal! Alkaline urine

60
Q

Neutral urine crystals (4)

A

Ammonium urate, calcium oxalate, cysteine, struvite (MAP)

61
Q

What type of APP - fibrinogen

A

Positive

62
Q

What do casts indicate

A

Early renal disease

63
Q
A

Bilirubin crystals

needle like orange-red-brown

ALWAYS significant in cats

Liver disease, extravascular hemolysis

64
Q

Acidic urine crystals (8)

A

Ammonium urate, amorphous urates, bilirubin, calcium oxalate, cystine, sulfa, uric acid

65
Q
A

Hemoglobin casts

66
Q

Main sign of hypercalcemia and why

A

PUPD due to renal tubule refractory to ADH

67
Q
A

pseudo cast

68
Q

Bilirubin build up- areas

A

blood then urine then tissue (bilirubin-emia, uria, icterus)

69
Q
A

Amorphous phosphate

Colorless small spheroids

Alkaline

70
Q

Increased serum calcium- ddx

A

T-cell lymphoma or anal sac apocrine gland carcinoma

71
Q

Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate - cause

A

Ethylene glycol poisoning, 3-18 hours post ingestion

72
Q
A

Granular- fine- waxy epithelial cellular casts

73
Q

Exception to urine concentration before azotemia

A

Cats

74
Q
A

Granular cast colored with bilirubin

75
Q
A

Waxy casts

76
Q
A

Cysteine crystals

Look for a urolith!

77
Q
A

NMB stained WBC

78
Q

Alkaline urine crystals (3)

A

Amorphous phosphate, calcium carbonate, struvite (MAP)

79
Q

When are epithelial cellular casts seen

A

Pyelonephritis, nephritis, acute renal damage, aminoglycoside Abx

80
Q

Increased fibrinogen =

A

Inflammation

81
Q

MDB

A

Minimum data base- UA, Chem, CBC

82
Q

Describe fanconi syndrome

A

Kidneys not reabsorbing amino acids and glucose- peeing them out

83
Q

ID- renal tubular epithelial cells vs RBCs

A

RTEs have lipid, vary in shape, not in same plane, green tint

84
Q
A

NMB budding yeast

85
Q
A

Hyaline cast- Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein precipitates

86
Q

What is an early indicator of primary renal disease and how is it diagnosed

A

PU/PD, dx by low USG

87
Q

Which cause of PUPD is not fixable

A

primary nephrogenic d. insipidus

88
Q

What causes anemia in CRF

A

Decreased EPO production

89
Q

Cause of hyposthenuric urine

A

Central d. insip. or ADH blockage

90
Q

Define azotemia

A

Always elevated BUN +/- Creat

91
Q

Effect of muscle wasting in cats with CRF

A

Increased creatinine from wasting not being excreted by kidneys

92
Q

Define uremia

A

Azotemia + clinical signs

93
Q

What species has high calcium in renal disease

A

Horses!

Might see in cats/dogs if hypovolemic

94
Q

Effect (and source) of high calcium in dogs/cats

A

Rare (10-20%) usually from hypovolemia, makes distal tubules refractory to ADH

95
Q

What causes ARF

A

Toxin or ischemic damage to kidney

96
Q

What else should be seen to diagnose liver failure along with decreased BUN

A

Decreased alb and gluc, +/- prolonged PT/PTT

97
Q

Diagnose uroabdomen

A

Abd fluid 2x serum creatinine

98
Q

Two types of metabolic acidosis

A

loss of bicarb when kidney conserving Cl or build up of acid

99
Q

Describe capillaria plica

A

Bladder parasite, offset operculi, rough capsule

100
Q

Describe whipworm

A

Smooth, even operculation

101
Q

What type of cancer is 90% of bladder tumors

A

Transitional cell carcinoma

102
Q

What do WBC casts indicate

A

Pyelonephritis

103
Q

Cats with renal failure- Ca and Phos- elevated or decreaed

A

Both high

104
Q

What does leukmoid response indicate

A

50,000 leukocytes/mcL - indicated acute inflammation

105
Q

What is an inflammatory leukogram

A

>= 300 bands/mcL

106
Q

What causes a physiologic leukogram

A

Stress (but not a stress leukogram) due to vasoconstriction and splenic contraction - mature neutrophilia with lymphocytosis

107
Q

Mature neutrophilia with lymphopenia, eosinopenia, monocytosis

A

Stress leukogram

108
Q

Polychromatophils =

A

Reticulocytes = dx -Regenerative anemia

109
Q

What is the only salient feature of a stress leukogram

A

Lymphopenia, because underlying stress leukogram can be present

110
Q

Mature neutrophils with lymphocytosis (20k)

A

physiologic leukogram

111
Q

What characterizes a stress leukogram

A

Mature neutrophilia, lymphopenia, eosinopenia, monocytosis

112
Q
A

Clin Path Test Three (2 decks)

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