Jeina

Question 1

Singapore River

Answer 1

• important to the development of trade
• deep enough to accommodate most trading ships
• easily load/unload cargo at the mouth
• Bustling activities attracted immigrants
• As the town grew, it because more disorganised -> raffles wanted to ensure each immigrant community had their own space to prevent confusion and disputes so he assigned names to every street, reflecting the communities that were living there

Question 2

boat quay

Answer 2

Business opportunities:
Chinese merchants:traded textiles and local products.
South Indians lightermen: carried fuel and goods from the ships to the shore and vice-versa.

Question 3

raffles place

Answer 3

Employment:
Wealthy merchants: set up warehouses at Collyer quay to store goods that came from ships.

Living conditions:
Wealthy merchants built offices and residential buildings,Beautiful flowers and trees that were laid out there. Hong Kong, Shanghai bank. John little and Robinsons departmental stores.

Question 4

Chulia street

Answer 4

Employment:
Chulias( Tamil muslims from South India): owned hardware and textile shops on the street.
Indians: worked as watchmen, shopkeepers, money lenders and traders

Question 5

Market street

Answer 5

Employment:
Indian moneylenders(Chettiars): Large number who worked at Market street. Each ran their own business, used a small box to keep records and safe to keep their money.
Living conditions:
Malays: Telok Ayer Market that stood at the end of the street

Question 6

High street

Answer 6

Leisure
Rich: popular shopping paradise and a place where people from North India came to trade.
Employment
British officials: learnt Malay and Chinese dialect.Tried to improve people living conditions by maintaining law and order, collecting taxes and building roads, hospitals and public buildings

Question 7

Esplanade

Answer 7

leisure and entertainment : Singapore cricket club and Singapore recreation club would hold their sporting activities there during new year celebrations.
Living conditions
All:people would gather around to watch the fireworks display on New Year’s eve

Question 8

Beach road

Answer 8

Living conditions
European merchants:large garden bungalows along the sea ( residential area)
Leisure and entertainment
All: Alhambra Luna park , Alhambra cinema and Marlborough cinema was a centre of entertainment in the late 19 and early 20th century where social activities like ballroom dancing and performances were held

Question 9

Telok Ayer street

Answer 9

Religion
Mainly the Chinese:Thian Hock Keng Temple dedicated to Ma Tzu, a goddess who was believed to protect sailors
Relationships
Mainly the Chinese:Clan associations provide services to help immigrants settle down

Question 10

Amoy street

Answer 10

Leisure and entertainment
Many labourers and opium addicts:Believed that opium could help relieve aches and sores that resulted from the hard manual labour. In 1848, there were 15000 opium users which was 1/3 of the Chinese male population

Question 11

Serangoon road

Answer 11

Living Conditions
Chinese:Road leading to the port at the back and provided access from the town to a port situated in the Northeastern part of Singapore
Employment
Malays:Sold Nasi lemak and lontong
Chinese:Open pawnshops and provision shops

Question 12

race course road

Answer 12

leisure and entertainment
Europeans and Rich Asians:played golf at the golf course
Europeans,Malay royalty,Wealthy Chinese:came finely dressed to watch races while Commoners watched races from the far side of the race course
Employment
Indians were hired as stable boys and the Boyanese served as trainers and syces

Question 13

Arab street

Answer 13

Living conditions
Arab,Muslim:lived there
Malay,Bugis,Javanese families owned Malay publishing houses
Employment
Javanese women sold flowers and fruits.They worked as tailors,bookshop owners,blacksmiths, jewel smiths
Malay,Bugis,Javanese families:popularisation of Jawi newspaper and Journals

Question 14

Haji lane

Answer 14

Employment(business opportunities)
Arab pilgrim-brokers arranged the haj for muslims in Singapore and nearby islands like Java
Javanese worked as gardeners, labourers in the plantations in Johor or Singapore to pay off the passage money for their pilgrimage to Mecca

Question 15

Reasons for Mass migration

Answer 15

Industrial revolution,End of Slave trade, opening of Suez canal

Question 16

Industrial revolution

Answer 16

Time of major improvements in technology and mass productions. This led to the creation of new industries and production of more goods.

• increase production led to a demand for more raw materials such as rubber,tin,coal. These raw materials were mainly found outside Europe, resulting in a huge wave of migration from Europe to other parts of the world in search of these materials.
• the invention of steam technology led to a vast improvements in seafaring technology. Previously, people were dependent on wind and sail to travel. Following the development of the steam engine, people were able to travel further and faster than before. more people opted to travel by steamships as it was cheaper, which caused the mass migration of people in the 19th century.

Question 17

End of Slave trade

Answer 17

War captives from Africa were sold to the Europeans to work on plantation settlements in South America. As demand for slaves increased, slave traders resorted to kidnapping people from remote places in Africa to sell as slaves. The abolition of slavery resulted in a shortage of cheap labour. Europe and had to look for other sources to ensure that their economic activities could continue. As a result, they allowed and encouraged unrestricted immigration of people from other countries to live and work in their colonies

Question 18

opening of Suez canal in 1869

Answer 18

In the past, ships travelling between Europe and Asia had to take a very long route around the cape of Good Hope in Southern Africa. In 1859, a french engineer drew up plans to shorten the route by constructing a long canal to link the mediterranean sea with the red sea. A journey from London to Singapore that used to take 120 days using the old Cape of Good Hope route took only 50 days using the Suez canal route. The shorter distance and duration made it easier and cheaper for people to go and return from Singapore and other parts of Asia

Question 19

Competition with Dutch in Southeast Asia

Answer 19

The British managed to establish themselves in Southeast Asia because they were interested in trade with China as well as spice trade in Southeast Asia. The British also wanted to break the Dutch monopoly over the spice trade. They also wanted to set up trading ports In Riau and Sumatra to help control the sea trade route between India and China

Question 20

Unsuitable ports to help the British compete with the Dutch

Answer 20

Penang was located too far North of the straits of Melaka to serve as the centre of the India-China trade route. Bencoolen was not effective as a base because it was not located along the straits of Melaka. Thus, raffles was convinced that the British needed to establish a new base in Southeast Asia that was more strategically located than Penang and Bencoolen.

Question 21

Singapore had a suitable harbour

Answer 21

The island of Singapore possesses an excellent harbour and everything desired for a British port. It has on its southern shores excellent anchorage.

Question 22

Singapore’s strategic location

Answer 22

Singapore’s position in the straits of Melaka is far more convenient and commanding then even Riau(which is already controlled by the Dutch) for the objective of protecting the China trade passing down the straits.

Question 23

British and Dutch reactions towards founding of SG

Answer 23

Dutch reactions: Dutch were extremely displeased because raffles had given British an valuable foothold in SG. They protested because they claimed that SG was part of the Johor-Riau Sultanate and threatened to use force to drive British out of Sg.
British reactions: very displeased because Raffles’ actions had affected their relations with Dutch. But they realised Sg’s strategic importance.
The end: Both governments settled their quarrel as they wanted friendly relations

Question 24

Sg’s development

Answer 24

The signing of the Anglo-Dutch treaty. Sg was a free port where trade flourished. it became the centre of british trade and served as an entrepot

Question 25

Advantages of Monsoon rains to Temasek

Answer 25

Monsoon rains enabled traders to sail from their own countries to different parts of Asia. From june to September, southwest monsoon transported traders from countries west of the Indian ocean to Temasek. The northeast monsoon transported traders from cities along the coasts of the South China sea to Temasek.
They were able to trade with one another through middlemen who collected goods from one group of traders and exchanged them for goods from another group of traders. Traders found Temasek to be a convenient location to carry out trade while waiting for monsoon wind patterns to change.

Question 26

cultural example

Answer 26

Underglazed blue porcelain shards from the Ming and Qing dynasties were found along the Johor river as well as Kallang river and Tanjong Rhu.

Question 27

Political example

Answer 27

Javanese court poems contains written accounts of the Majapahit Kingdom and its vassal states such as Temasek.

Question 28

Economic example

Answer 28

Coins from Sri Lanka dating from the 13th century were found at the parliament house near the Singapore river. An image of the Buddha can be seen on it

Question 29

Sg connections with Melaka in 15th to 16th century

Answer 29

Melaka became the main port of call for the imperial Ming navy whenever it passed through the straits of Melaka. Melaka pledged loyalty to the ming emperor. Singapore was not as popular as Melaka and was given up to melaka by its Siamese

Question 30

Sg connections with Johor-Riau sultanate in 16th to early 19th century

Answer 30

in 1511, the Portuguese attacked and conquered Melaka Its ruler fled to Johor and to Riau Archipelago he established the a new capital. In 1528, he established the Johor sultanate which was part of the Melaka sultanate. It was also known as the Johor-Riau sultanate as it replaced the Melaka sultanate. Singapore continued its role as a trading port. Underglazed blue porcelain shards from the Ming and Qing dynasties were found along the Johor River, Kallang river and Tanjong Rhu

Question 31

Sg connections with Portuguese and Dutch in 16th to early 19th century

Answer 31

Europeans wanted to gain monopoly over the spice trade by controlling sea routes linked to the spice trade.
The Portuguese were the 1st to reach and there was intense rivalry . The Dutch attacked portuguese merchant ships and the frequent naval battles between the 2 countries led both sides to consider building a fortress in Sg. They both felt that it would provide better security for their merchants transporting goods along the straits of Singapore. The Dutch attacked melaka and drove the Portuguese out

Question 32

Rise of Temasek in 14th century

Answer 32

-Fall of the kingdom of Srivijaya
By the 13th century, the kingdom of Srivijaya had collapsed and lost its control over trade activities in the Western Indonesian region. Traders shifted their activities from Sunda straits to the straits of Melaka because they found the route to China shorter this way.

-Temasek as an entrepot
Temasek was an entrepot, serving as a regional centre for the collection and distribution of goods. The presence of a rich hinterland kept Temasek supplied with special local products that were in demand. Temasek also served as a midway meeting point for traders from the Middle east, India and China to exchange their goods

Question 33

Rise of maritime kingdoms in SEA from 1st to 14th century

Answer 33

ports were strategically located along the China-India maritime trade route and was convenient collection centres for goods.

Question 34

Traders from SEA

Answer 34

exchanged spices like cinnamon, cardamon,cloves. Dong-son drums in the Malay peninsula, Sumatra, Java

Question 35

Traders from India

Answer 35

In the 1st century, the chola empire had ships calling at ports in other parts of India, Middle east , Burma,malay archipelago and China. Traders exchanged spices, jewels, rhinoceros horns, glass beads, perfume for chinese slik and porcelain.

Question 36

Traders from China

Answer 36

Trade begun as early as 2nd century B.C. but rulers of China had banned people from travelling outside the empire for fear of foreign influence and limited trade. Yet during the tang dynasty, maritime trade increased due to growing popularity of sea travel. The Song court realised that maritime trade brought in wealth and removed the ban against private ships. Chinese maritime trade thus increased and people sought after silk and porcelain.

Question 37

Traders from Middle east

Answer 37

Trade connections were made between the people of Mesopotamia and the Indus valley Civilisation. Mesopotamians exchanged goods such as dates, oil and wool for Indus beads ivory and cotton. There was an increase in land and sea travels to SEA and China.Persians were the most active traders from the Middle East.

Question 38

Primary source vs. Secondary source

Answer 38

Produced close to/at the time of the event by people who experienced the event vs. constructed by other sources of information(primary sources) that may not be directly linked to the people who experienced the event.

Question 39

1 Push factors for immigrants

Answer 39

1.poverty and Starvation: Many people were experiencing hunger in their homeland and could not earn enough money to feed their families.

Question 40

poverty and Starvation

Answer 40

• Under the cultivation system in Java, land was used to grow sugarcane and Indigo instead of rice. This led to a shortage of rice and famines and epidemics in the 1840s to 1850s. Many Javanese thus came to Singapore to escape from the harsh conditions back home and wanted to search for a better life in Singapore.
• Between 1650 and 1800, China’s population nearly doubled. However, there was insufficient farmland to sustain the rapid growth in population..People living in parts of Fujian and Guangdong were especially affected. many lived in mountainous regions were there was limited land for growing crops. a a result, southern china suffered from starvation.
• In India, the monsoon season is very important because it provides rain which is the source of water for growing crops. When monsoon seasons fail to bring enough rain, harvests for that season would fail, resulting in a famine.Droughts and ineffective agricultural policies also resulted in famines that caused approximately 50 million deaths between the late 18 and 19th centuries. The great famine of 1876 to 1878 caused a large number of artisans and agricultural workers to leave for British colonies to work as indentured workers. they worked on plantations in exchange for food, shelter and other necessities.

Question 41

2 Push factors for immigrants

Answer 41

2. Unrest and Instability: Many people in China, India and Southeast Asia were affected by unrest and instability caused by wars, rebellions and lawlessness. It became difficult for them to work or conduct business without having to worry about their safety or the safety of their family members.

Question 42

Unrest and Instability

Answer 42

• Javanese waged wars against the Dutch. The Java war of 1825-1830 took place in central Java and affected more than 2 million Javanese. 200 000 died and a quarter of the cultivated land was seriously damaged ,making conditions difficult for the Javanese. Thus, many Javanese decided to leave in search of a better life.
• There was unrest created by rebellions in the 19th and early 20th centuries. the Manchus, a Chinese minority from the North, overthrew the Ming and established the Qing dynasty. Wars between rival clans were also rampant in many parts of China during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Some of the fiercest clan wars broke out between the Cantonese and the Hakkas in Guangdong province between 1855 and 1867. The weak clans was always bullied by the strong clan; the Chens would bully the Soons. All these violence and unrest drove many Chinese to look for better opportunities elsewhere. Many were attracted to Singapore as it was seen as a more peaceful alternative.
• British fought wars to extend their control over parts of India. The Indian rulers resented British rule and would stage rebellions against them. A group of sepoys decided to rebel against their British officers and as punishment, the Indian convicts were forced to leave their homeland and sent overseas as convict labour. These convicts were used as cheap labour in many British colonies such as Singapore.

Question 43

1 Pull factors for immigrants

Answer 43

Better trade and business opportunities:Singapore was a free port and was the midpoint of Britain, India, and South China trade route. Singapore was a convenient meeting point for traders to stop to replenish food, fuel supplies.

• British agency houses were companies that helped British sell goods to other traders in Singapore. They earned a commission for their services. They sold Cloths, clocks, knives and Nails. In return, British agency houses exported goods brought by other traders from china, India and Malay archipelago to Britain and other parts of Europe. British agency houses included Patersons, Simons & co.
• Dutch took control of the east Indies and its trade routes by imposing taxes on traders. This affected the spice trade of Bugis. News of Singapore’s free port attracted huge numbers of Bugis ships to come to Singapore. By the beginning of the 20th century, several hundred Bugis traders and their families had moved to Singapore.
• Arabs were active traders in southeast Asia since the 7th century. Among the first were 2 wealthy Arab merchants from Sumatra and others followed, setting sail from parts of Malaya, Sumatra and Java in their ships to escape from heavy customs duties.

Question 44

2 Pull factor for immigrants

Answer 44

better job prospects: people were attracted to Singapore because there were many jobs available. Singapore was a new and growing trading settlement thus the British needed to develop infrastructure to support the increase in activities at the port and provide for the growing population.Coming to Singapore was an attractive option as there were higher wages and a free immigration policy.
- Wages for unskilled labourers in Java were extremely low . Many Javanese and Baweanese took on jobs such as drivers, general traders and sailors. Javanese writers and publishers could write and print their news articles and stories freely without being restricted by Dutch laws.

Question 45

Employment:

Answer 45

-Raffles place; Wealthy merchants: set up warehouses at Collyer quay to store goods that came from ships.
-Chulia street; Chulias( Tamil muslims from South India) owned hardware and textile shops on the street.
Indians worked as watchmen, shopkeepers, money lenders and traders
-Market street ;A large number of Indian moneylenders(Chettiars)worked at Market street. Each ran their own business, used a small box to keep records and safe to keep their money.
-Indians were hired as stable boys and the Boyanese served as trainers and syces

Question 46

Living conditions:

Answer 46

• Raffles place; Wealthy merchants built offices and residential buildings,Beautiful flowers and trees that were laid out there. Hong Kong, Shanghai bank. John little and Robinsons departmental stores.
• Market street; Telok Ayer Market stood at the end of the street
• Beach road; European merchants:large garden bungalows along the sea ( residential area)
• Serangoon road;Chinese:Road leading to the port at the back and provided access from the town to a port situated in the Northeastern part of Singapore

Question 47

Leisure and entertainment:

Answer 47

-High street; Rich: popular shopping paradise and a place where people from North India came to trade.
-esplanade; Singapore cricket club and Singapore recreation club would hold their sporting activities there during new year celebrations.
-beach road; Alhambra Luna park , Alhambra cinema and Marlborough cinema was a centre of entertainment in the late 19 and early 20th century where social activities like ballroom dancing and performances were held
- amoy street; Many labourers and opium addicts:Believed that opium could help relieve aches and sores that resulted from the hard manual labour. In 1848, there were 15000 opium users which was 1/3 of the Chinese male population
-Race course road; Europeans and Rich Asians:played golf at the golf course
Europeans,Malay royalty,Wealthy Chinese:came finely dressed to watch races while Commoners watched races from the far side of the race course