Java Language Questions Flashcards
What is the difference between an Inner Class and a Sub-Class?
An Inner class is a class which is nested within another class. An Inner class has access rights for the class which is nesting it and it can access all variables and methods defined in the outer class.
A sub-class is a class which inherits from another class called super class. Sub-class can access all public and protected methods and fields of its super class.
What are the various access specifiers for Java classes?
In Java, access specifiers are the keywords used before a class name which defines the access scope. The types of access specifiers for classes are:
- Public : Class,Method,Field is accessible from anywhere.
- Protected:Method,Field can be accessed from the same class to which they belong or from the sub-classes,and from the class of same package,but not from outside.
- Default: Method,Field,class can be accessed only from the same package and not from outside of it’s native package.
- Private: Method,Field can be accessed from the same class to which they belong.
What’s the purpose of Static methods and static variables?
When there is a requirement to share a method or a variable between multiple objects of a class instead of creating separate copies for each object, we use static keyword to make a method or variable shared for all objects. They are used when there’s a need for a method or variable to be called without initiating a new object.
What is data encapsulation and what’s its significance?
Encapsulation is a concept in Object Oriented Programming for combining properties and methods in a single unit.
Encapsulation helps programmers to follow a modular approach for software development as each object has its own set of methods and variables and serves its functions independent of other objects. Encapsulation also serves data hiding purpose.
What is a singleton class? Give a practical example of its usage.
A singleton class in java can have only one instance and hence all its methods and variables belong to just one instance. Singleton class concept is useful for the situations when there is a need to limit the number of objects for a class.
The best example of singleton usage scenario is when there is a limit of having only one connection to a database due to some driver limitations or because of any licensing issues.
What are Loops in Java? What are three types of loops?
Looping is used in programming to execute a statement or a block of statement repeatedly. There are three types of loops in Java:
1) For Loops
For loops are used in java to execute statements repeatedly for a given number of times. For loops are used when number of times to execute the statements is known to programmer.
2) While Loops
While loop is used when certain statements need to be executed repeatedly until a condition is fulfilled. In while loops, condition is checked first before execution of statements.
3) Do While Loops
Do While Loop is same as While loop with only difference that condition is checked after execution of block of statements. Hence in case of do while loop, statements are executed at least once.
What is an infinite Loop? How infinite loop is declared?
An infinite loop runs without any condition and runs infinitely. An infinite loop can be broken by defining any breaking logic in the body of the statement blocks.
Infinite loop is declared as follows:
for (;;)
{
// Statements to execute
// Add any loop breaking logic }
What is the difference between continue and break statement?
break and continue are two important keywords used in Loops. When a break keyword is used in a loop, loop is broken instantly while when continue keyword is used, current iteration is broken and loop continues with next iteration.
In below example, Loop is broken when counter reaches 4.
for (counter = 0; counter & lt; 10; counter++)
system.out.println(counter);
if (counter == 4) {
break; }
}
In the below example when counter reaches 4, loop jumps to next iteration and any statements after the continue keyword are skipped for current iteration.
for (counter = 0; counter < 10; counter++)
system.out.println(counter);
if (counter == 4) {
continue; } system.out.println("This will not get printed when counter is 4"); }
What is the difference between double and float variables in Java?
In java, float takes 4 bytes in memory while Double takes 8 bytes in memory. Float is single precision floating point decimal number while Double is double precision decimal number.
What is Final Keyword in Java? Give an example.
In java, a constant is declared using the keyword Final. Value can be assigned only once and after assignment, value of a constant can’t be changed.
In below example, a constant with the name const_val is declared and assigned avalue:
Private Final int const_val=100
When a method is declared as final,it can NOT be overridden by the subclasses.This method are faster than any other method,because they are resolved at complied time.
When a class is declares as final,it cannot be subclassed. Example String,Integer and other wrapper classes.
What is ternary operator? Give an example.
Ternary operator , also called conditional operator is used to decide which value to assign to a variable based on a Boolean value evaluation. It’s denoted as ?
In the below example, if rank is 1, status is assigned a value of “Done” else “Pending”.
public class conditionTest {
public static void main(String args[]) {
String status;
int rank = 3;
status = (rank == 1) ? "Done" : "Pending";
System.out.println(status);
}
}
How can you generate random numbers in Java?
Using Math.random() you can generate random numbers in the range greater than or equal to 0.1 and less than 1.0 Using Random class in package java.util
What is default switch case? Give example.
In a switch statement, default case is executed when no other switch condition matches. Default case is an optional case .It can be declared only once all other switch cases have been coded.
In the below example, when score is not 1 or 2, default case is used.
public class switchExample {
int score = 4;
public static void main(String args[]) {
switch (score) {
case 1:
system.out.println("Score is 1");
break;
case 2:
system.out.println("Score is 2");
break;
default:
system.out.println("Default Case");
}
}
}
What’s the base class in Java from which all classes are derived?
java.lang.object
Can main() method in Java can return any data?
In java, main() method can’t return any data and hence, it’s always declared with a void return type.
What are Java Packages? What’s the significance of packages?
In Java, package is a collection of classes and interfaces which are bundled together as they are related to each other. Use of packages helps developers to modularize the code and group the code for proper re-use. Once code has been packaged in Packages, it can be imported in other classes and used.
Can we declare a class as Abstract without having any abstract method?
Yes we can create an abstract class by using abstract keyword before class name even if it doesn’t have any abstract method. However, if a class has even one abstract method, it must be declared as abstract otherwise it will give an error.
What’s the difference between an Abstract Class and Interface in Java?
The primary difference between an abstract class and interface is that an interface can only possess declaration of public static methods with no concrete implementation while an abstract class can have members with any access specifiers (public, private etc) with or without concrete implementation.
Another key difference in the use of abstract classes and interfaces is that a class which implements an interface must implement all the methods of the interface while a class which inherits from an abstract class doesn’t require implementation of all the methods of its super class.
A class can implement multiple interfaces but it can extend only one abstract class.
What are the performance implications of Interfaces over abstract classes?
Interfaces are slower in performance as compared to abstract classes as extra indirections are required for interfaces. Another key factor for developers to take into consideration is that any class can extend only one abstract class while a class can implement many interfaces.
Use of interfaces also puts an extra burden on the developers as any time an interface is implemented in a class; developer is forced to implement each and every method of interface.
Does Importing a package imports its sub-packages as well in Java?
In java, when a package is imported, its sub-packages aren’t imported and developer needs to import them separately if required.
For example, if a developer imports a package university.*, all classes in the package named university are loaded but no classes from the sub-package are loaded. To load the classes from its sub-package ( say department), developer has to import it explicitly as follows:
Import university.department.*
Can we declare the main method of our class as private?
In java, main method must be public static in order to run any application correctly. If main method is declared as private, developer won’t get any compilation error however, it will not get executed and will give a runtime error.
How can we pass argument to a function by reference instead of pass by value?
In java, we can pass argument to a function only by value and not by reference.
How an object is serialized in java?
In java, to convert an object into byte stream by serialization, an interface with the name Serializable is implemented by the class. All objects of a class implementing serializable interface get serialized and their state is saved in byte stream.
When we should use serialization?
Serialization is used when data needs to be transmitted over the network. Using serialization, object’s state is saved and converted into byte stream .The byte stream is transferred over the network and the object is re-created at destination.
Is it compulsory for a Try Block to be followed by a Catch Block in Java for Exception handling?
Yes. One would place code between a try block because it might generate an exception. In order to make the code protected, you need a catch block. You can catch multiple exceptions with different catch blocks or piping the different exceptions in one catch. However, if you don’t want to use a catch block to catch exceptions, you can follow the try block up with a finally statement to execute code after the try block.
Is there any way to skip Finally block of exception even if some exception occurs in the exception block?
If an exception is raised in Try block, control passes to catch block if it exists otherwise to finally block. Finally block is always executed when an exception occurs and the only way to avoid execution of any statements in Finally block is by aborting the code forcibly by writing following line of code at the end of try block:
System.exit(0);
When the constructor of a class is invoked?
The constructor of a class is invoked every time an object is created with new keyword.
For example, in the following class two objects are created using new keyword and hence, constructor is invoked two times.
public class const_example {
const_example() {
system.out.println("Inside constructor");
}
public static void main(String args[]) {
const_example c1 = new const_example();
const_example c2 = new const_example();
}
}
Can a class have multiple constructors?
Yes, a class can have multiple constructors with different parameters. Which constructor gets used for object creation depends on the arguments passed while creating the objects.
Can we override static methods of a class?
We cannot override static methods. Static methods belong to a class and not to individual objects and are resolved at the time of compilation (not at runtime).Even if we try to override static method,we will not get an complitaion error,nor the impact of overriding when running the code.
Is String a data type in java?
String is not a primitive data type in java. When a string is created in java, it’s actually an object of Java.Lang.String class that gets created. After creation of this string object, all built-in methods of String class can be used on the string object.
Why Strings in Java are called as Immutable?
In java, string objects are called immutable as once value has been assigned to a string, it can’t be changed and if changed, a new object is created.
In below example, reference str refers to a string object having value “Value one”.
String str=”Value One”;
When a new value is assigned to it, a new String object gets created and the reference is moved to the new object.
str=”New Value”;
What’s the difference between an array and Vector?
An array groups data of same primitive type and is static in nature while vectors are dynamic in nature and can hold data of different data types.
What is multi-threading?
Multi threading is a programming concept to run multiple tasks in a concurrent manner within a single program. Threads share same process stack and running in parallel. It helps in performance improvement of any program.
Why Runnable Interface is used in Java?
Runnable interface is used in java for implementing multi threaded applications. Java.Lang.Runnable interface is implemented by a class to support multi threading.
What are the two ways of implementing multi-threading in Java?
Multi threaded applications can be developed in Java by using any of the following two methodologies:
- By using Java.Lang.Runnable Interface. Classes implement this interface to enable multi threading. There is a Run() method in this interface which is implemented.
- By writing a class that extend Java.Lang.Thread class. This approach provides more flexibility in handling multiple threads created using available methods in Thread class.
When a lot of changes are required in data, which one should be a preference to be used? String or StringBuffer?
Since StringBuffers are dynamic in nature and we can change the values of StringBuffer objects unlike String which is immutable, it’s always a good choice to use StringBuffer when data is being changed too much. If we use String in such a case, for every data change a new String object will be created which will be an extra overhead.
What’s the purpose of using Break in each case of Switch Statement?
Break is used after each case (except the last one) in a switch so that code breaks after the valid case and doesn’t flow in the proceeding cases too.
If break isn’t used after each case, all cases after the valid case also get executed resulting in wrong results.
How garbage collection is done in Java?
In java, when an object is not referenced any more, garbage collection takes place and the object is destroyed automatically. For automatic garbage collection java calls either System.gc() method or Runtime.gc() method.
